-
pathophysiology
the study of changes in normal function with disease
-
Disease
alteration, interruption, cessation and/or disorder of cells, organs and/or physiological systems
-
etiology
study of the cause of disease (what sets the disease in motion)
-
idiopathic
no known cause of disease
-
pathogenesis
sequence of events from initial contact with etiologic factor to expression of disease
-
define signs
structural or functional changes seen by an outside observer (subjective findings)
-
define symptoms
experience by the patient (objective findings)
-
Is nausea is an example of a sign or a symptom?
symptom
-
Is vomiting a sign or symptom?
sign
-
Diagnosis
identification of the presence or absence of disease and the nature of the disease obtained through history and physical exam
-
Define Validity
extent to which a diagnostic test measures what it is intended to measure
-
define reliability
repeatability of a measure
-
define sensitivity
-percentage of people with a disease who test positive for the disease
-true positive rate
-
define specificity
-percentage of people without the disease who do no test positive for the disease
- true negative rate
-
define prognosis
likely outcome of illness or disease
-
define epidemiology
study of disease occurrence in human populations
-
define morbidity
relative incidence of a disease
-
define mortality
incidence of death from a disease
-
what is a cell?
- -the smallest functional unit of the body
- - it is the fundamental unit of life
-
True or False
The cell is the fundamental unit of disease.
True. Diseases affect the cells on the molecular level.
-
What is a parenchymal cell?
it is a primary functional cell of tissue
-
What is a supporting cell?
the cells that have secondary function in a cell like structural support
-
What type of cells do humans have?
eukaryotic cells
-
What are eukaryotic cells?
they have a membrane bound nucleus and many cytoplasmic organelles
-
True or False.
All cells have a plasma membrane.
True.
-
What is the plasma membrane made of?
lipid and protein molecules called the lipid bilayer
-
how is the cell's shape maintained?
cytoskeleton
-
What is the cytoskeleton made of?
small proteins which can also cause cell movement
-
The lipid bilayer function is:
Regulation and transportation of molecules in and out of the cell.
Communication between the cell and outside environment.
-
What does the nucleus contain?
genetica material called DNA
-
DNA consists of how many genes?
~23,000 genes that code for proteins
-
What double membrane structure forms the nucleus?
nuclear envelope
-
What percent of genes do we use to make functional proteins for our phenotype?
79% of the 23,000 genes are used
-
What is up regulation?
when a gene gets turned on to make protein product
-
What is down regulation?
the inhibition of protein synthesis from genes
-
What is the main function of the nucleus?
To protect and preserve the genetic material so that it can be replaced during cell division.
-
What controls production of cellular enzymes, membrane receptors, and structural proteins to maintain cell structure and function.
nuclear DNA (genes)
-
What controls mitosis?
nuclear DNA
-
What is mitosis?
the replication/production of identical daughter cells
-
Does genetic variation occur with mitosis?
No. Mitosis makes identical daughter cells.
-
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
the production of lipids takes place here as well as some hormones
-
What is the function of rough ER?
produce proteins, mainly in the ribosomes that are attached on the outer surface
-
What give rough ER its appearence?
ribosomes that are attached on the surface of the ER
-
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
It serves as a post office where it adds carbohydrate molecules to the proteins/lipids from the ER and shuttled to other parts of the cell.
-
What are lysosomes?
they are digestive cells containing acids to breakdown organic molecules
-
What is the function of peroxisomes?
They contain oxidative enzymes to break down materials in the cell.
-
What is the difference between a lysosome and a peroxisome?
Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes instead of hydrolase enzymes that are in lysosomes.
-
What is the function of the mitochondria?
to produce energy for the cell in the form of ATP
-
What are the 3 pathways to produce energy?
- Glycolysis
- Kerbs Cycle
- B-Oxidation
-
Glycolysis
- -Energy produced acerbically in the cytosol.
- -ATP and NADH are produced.
- -Requires glycogen/glucose and forms pyruvate.
-
What are the other 2 names for the Krebs Cycle?
- Tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
- Citric acid cycle
-
Krebs cycle
- Pyruvate from cytosol moves into mitochondria to form acetyl CoA to enter cycle to form citrate, ATP, NADH, FADH2 and CO2.
-
Oxidative phosphorylation
uses O2 to produce ATP and H2O in the electron transport chain through a series of steps using the electrons of reduced co-enzymes NADH and FADH2.
-
B-Oxidation
the breakdown of fatty acid chains to convert to acetyl CoA for the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP
-
What are the 3 basic cell types in regards to proliferation?
- Labile cells
- Stable cells
- Permanent cells
-
What are labile cells?
- cells that are constantly undergoing mitosis
- (ex: skin cells, bone cells)
-
What are stable cells?
- Cells that may undergo mitosis with extra stimulation.
- (ex: kidney cells, liver cells)
-
What are permanent cells?
cells that do no undergo mitosis
-
What happens when you damage permanent cells?
Scar tissue forms because these cells do not regenerate. (ex: heart and nerve cells)
-
What do we call the overproduction of cells?
cancer
-
How do labile cells and stable cells proliferate?
mitosis
-
What must be present to stimulate mitosis?
growth factors and mitogens
-
The mitotic pathways are stimulated in a given cell via ___?
cyclins
-
Meiosis
Cell division where genetic variation occurs and genetic information is passed.
-
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
-
DNA
double stranded molecular chains of nucleotides containing 46 chromosomes and 23,000 genes
-
Genes
segments of DNA that code for proteins and RNA
-
What are proteins made of?
specific and unique amino acid chains that are folded into a complex and specific 3D structure creating a protein.
-
Amino acids
20 different types of amino acids in a cell
-
How are proteins formed?
through the process of transcription and translation of DNA genes
-
What is transcription?
the process of synthesizing mRNA from the original DNA strand
-
What is translation?
the process of mRNA being used in the synthesis of proteins
-
How does transcription work?
Specific enzymes complexes are used. mRNA leaves through nuclear pores into the ribosomes in the cytosol.
|
|