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Components of an Evaluation Report
- Identifying info
- Complaint and referral
- Case history (family, medical, educational, work, developmental)
- Hearing Screening
- OME
- Specific areas of evaluation (language, artic, voice, fluency)
- Impressions
- Diagnosis
- Recommendations
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Hearing Screenings
- clean head phones with alcohol
- check audiometer before use
- orient client to the task
- 20 dB in a noise free setting
- 25 dB in a quiet setting
- test frequencies: 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz
- if failed, retest in 2 weeks
- if failed again, refer for full audiological evaluation
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Diadochokinetic Tasks
- assess how consistently, accurately, and rapidly a client is able to make repeated movements
- client makes as many prescribed movements as possible in the given time OR the clinician gives a number of times to make the movement and sees how long it takes the client
- use norms with caution (small sample with undefined age groups)
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Oral Mechanism Exam (OME)
provides info about the structural and functional adequacy of the articulators used in speech sound production
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Target Behaviors
any skill or action you teach a client or a student
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Normative Target Behaviors
behaviors that are appropriate for the client's age norms
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Client Specific Target Behaviors
- selected regardless of norms
- best serve a client's communicative, educational, and social needs
- culturally and linguistically appropriate
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Continuous Reinforcement
- presented after every correct performance of a target behavior
- generates a high response rate
- used to establish new target behaviors
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Intermittent Reinforcement
- presented after SOME correct performances of a target behavior
- some responses are reinforced and others are not
- responses are strengthened more when they are not reinforced continuously
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Positive Reinforcement
present a motivating stimulus to increase a desired behavior
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Negative Reinforcement
- removing unpleasant stimulus once the desired behavior is produced
- used to increase probability of a desired behavior
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Social Reinforcement
- smile, nod, and verbal praise
- has to effect change by its own power
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Conditioned Generalized Reinforcement
- small prizes that can be converted to other prizes long term (sticker book)
- has a more pervasive effect on behavior
- can affect a response in different events
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Feedback
information given to a person or mechanism about how the person has been performing
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Fixed Ratio Reinforcement
reinforcement given after a specific number of responses
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Variable Ratio Reinforcement
reinforcement given after a varied number of responses
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Fixed Interval Reinforcement
reinforcements given after a fixed time interval
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Variable Interval Reinforcement
reinforcements given after a varied time interval
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Primary Reinforcement
food and water
**not used at HU clinic
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Secondary Reinforcement
- social reinforcement
- conditioned reinforcement
- performance feedback
- verbal praise
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Shaping
complex response is broken down into easier parts
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Expansion
clinician comments on child's utterance and adds new and relevant information
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Instructions
step by step explanation on how to complete a task
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Ear training/Discrimination
distinguish between correct and incorrect productions
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Modeling
- demonstration of expected behavior
- clinician models, child imitates
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Clinician Techniques from Most Supportive to Least Supportive
- Modeling/imitation
- cuing/prompting
- spontaneous production
**move to a different technique one 90% mastery is achieved
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Van Riper Approach to Articulation
- 1. isolation
- 2. syllable
- 3. word
- 4. phrase
- 5. sentence
- 6. conversational speech
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Elicit
to draw out a response via actions or questions
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Short Term Objectives (STOs)
- performance
- condition
- standard of performance (outcome)
Jane will produce /f/ in all word positions when presented with a visual stimulus with 95% accuracy in 3 out of 4 sessions
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Long Term Objectives (LTOs)
- direction of change
- behavior targeted for change
- present level of functioning
- expected level of functioning
- resources needed (therapy strategies)
Jane will increase correct production of /f/ in all word positions moving from 50% accuracy to 90% accuracy after eight weeks of individualized therapy
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Morpheme
smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of language
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Phoneme
smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of language
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Morphology
- the study and description of word formation in language
- (word ending, etc.)
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Phonology
organization of sounds in language
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Pragmatics
- social language
- use of language in social context
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Semantics
meaning of words and sentences
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Calculate Chronological Age
- line equation up by year month day and subtract
- if you have to regroup, add 12 to the months column and 30 to the days column
- **if days are more than 15 round up one month
- **if days are less than 15 omit the days in the report
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