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Define open systems
Organizations that are affected by, and that affect, their environment.
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Define inputs.
Goods and services organizations take in and use to create products and services.
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Define outputs.
The products and services organizations create.
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Define external environment.
All relevant forces outside a firm's boundaries, such as competitors, customers, the government, and the economy
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Define competitive environment.
The immediate environment surrounding a firm; includes suppliers, customers, rivals, and the like
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Define microenvironment
The general environment, includes governments, economic conditions, and other fundamental factors that generally affect all organizations.
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Define demographics.
Measures of various characteristics of the people who make up groups or other social units.
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Define benchmarking.
The process of comparing an organization's practices and technologies with those of other companies.
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Define buffering.
Creating supplies of excess resources in case of unpredictable needs.
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Define smoothing.
Leveling normal fluctuations at the boundaries of the environment.
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Define independent strategies.
Strategies that an organization acting on its own uses to change some aspect of its current environment.
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Define cooperative strategies.
Strategies used by 2 or more organizations working together to manage the external environment.
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