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What is anatomy?
the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
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what is physiology?
the study of the body and its parts work or function
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Structures determines...
function
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Anatomy levels of study
- Gross - can be seen with the naked eye, easily observable
- Microscopic - very small structures, can only be viewed with a microscope
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Levels of organization
- 1. Chemical level - made up of atoms to form molecules
- 2. Cellular level - made up of molecules
- 3. Tissue level - made up of similar cells
- 4. Organ level - made up of similar tissues
- 5. Organ System level - made up of organs that work closely together
- 6. Organism level - the human organism is made up of many organ systems
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Integumentary System
- - forms the external body covering
- - protects deeper tissue from injury
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Skeletal System
- - protects and supports the body's organs
- - provides muscle attachement for movement
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Muscular System
- - allows for movement
- - maintains posture
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Nervous System
- - fast acting control system using electrical signals
- - responds to internal and external change
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Endocrine System
- secretes regulatory hormones; growth, reproduction, & metabolism
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Cardiovascular System
- - transports materials through the body by blood pumped by heart
- - nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, oxygen
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Lymphatic System
- - returns fluids to blood vessels
- - involved in immunity
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Respiratory System
- - gas exchange
- - keeps blood supplied with oxygen
- - removes carbon dioxide
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Digestive System
- - breaks down food
- - allows for nutrients to be absorbed in the blood
- - eliminated indigestible material
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Urinary System
- - eliminates nitrogenous wastes
- - regulations of materials: water & electrolytes
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Reproduction System
- - only system different in male & female
- - production of offspring
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Describe the anatomical position
- - body erect
- - feet facing forward, slightly apart
- - palms facing forward, thumbs facing out
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What are special terms used for?
- - prevent misunderstanding and confusion
- - exact terms used for:
- - regions
- - structure
- - position
- - direction
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Axial
describes structures of the head, neck, and trunk
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Appendicular
describes the limbs and their attachments to the body
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Frontal Plane
- - vertical cut
- - top to bottom, side to side
- - produces a front and back
- - also called a coronal plane
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Sagittal Plane
- - vertical cut
- - top to bottom, front to back
- - produces left and right
- - midsagittal is a cut directly in the center of the body, nose to umbilicus
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Oliblique Plane
any diagonal cut
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Transverse Plane
- - horizontal cut
- - front to back
- - produces a top and bottom
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Dorsal Cavity
- - divided into the cranial and vertebral cavities
- - holds the central nervous system (brain & spinal cord)
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Ventral Cavity
- - divided into the thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
- - border between them is the diaphragm
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Thoracic Cavity
two pleural cavities (lungs) and mediastinum (contains heart)
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
- - abdomen is superior
- - pelvic is inferior
- - imaginary border is flaring pelvic bones
- - no physical separation
- - contains most internal organs and reproductive organs
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