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Chaining
- break complex behaviors into smaller behaviors and teach in sequence
- ex) hand-washing: need dirty hands, walk to sink, turn on water, soap, rub, water, get towel, dry hands, throw towel away
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Hallmark Features of ASD
- social impairments
- communication impairment
- stereotypical or repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities
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Autism
- deficits in social comm and interactions
- restrictive, repetitive behaviors, interest, and activities
- show symptoms from early childhood
- symptoms limit and impair everyday functioning
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Social and Communication Differences
- different comm profile from children with other lang disorders
- hand leading: use people as tools to meet an end
- echolalia
- difficulty with peer relationships
**may have stronger or weaker skill than expected in some areas
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Behavior Differences
- hypersensitive to sensory info
- narrow, rigid interests
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Characteristic Deficits of ASD
- delayed motor development
- toe walking
- body placement difficulty
- cognitive impairment (68%)
- impairment in memory for meaningful information
- rote memory relatively in tact
- empathizing
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Prevalence and Co-occurrence
- 1/68 children
- males 5x more likely
- more frequent ID in minorities
- found with ID, seizure disorders, and tuberous sclerosis
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Causation
- gene mutations (25%)
- air pollution during pregnancy
- more folic acid = less chance of ASD
- chemical/environmental factors
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Developmental Issues
- difficulty with social interactions and awareness of others
- little imaginative or symbolic play
- joint attention
- lead and follow other's focus
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Home Intervention Programs
- implement behavior modifications programs
- involve child in interactions
- facilitate independence, self monitoring, goal setting, and self eval skills
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Assessment
- modified checklist for ASD in toddlers (screener)
- hearing and oral-motor skills
- verbal and nonverbal communicative functions
- observations in various activities
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Communicative Functions
- the "what"
- pragmatic skills
- requesting
- commenting
- protesting
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Communicative Mean
- the "how"
- verbal behaviors
- non verbal behaviors
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Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)
- behavioral theories of the 1970s
- lovass approach
- focused intervention practice
- used to promote skill acquisition
- behaviors can be broken down to simpler forms and manipulated through reinforcement
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Discrete Trial Therapy
- use behavioral techniques to facilitate behaviors
- prompting, cuing, chaining, fading, differential reinforcement
- 1. receptive ID of objects, pictures and actions
- 2. early play and self help skills
- 3. verbal labeling
- 4. early concept development
- 5. use of prepositions
- 6. use of emotion words
- 7. use of simple carrier phrases (I see/want)
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SCERTS Approach
- social comm, emotional regulation, and transaction support
- based on social interaction, development, and family system theories
- social comm and relationship abilities are main focus of intervention
- follow child's lead
- offer choices
- respond to child intent
- model at child's level
- elaborate child's attempts
- Level III evidence
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