History and Systems Final

• Mentor/father figure to Freud
• Worked with Anna O. using hypnosis but found working without hypnosis worked better
• invented the talking cure
• first psychotherapy case

• Trained as a physician
• treated anxiety attacks, melancholy and hysterical ailments
• created free association
• introduced the term psychoanalysis
• first to put forth a coherent theory of unconsciousness

• Structural model - model of personality consisting of the id, ego, and superego
• topographical model - model of the mind consisting of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

• most primitive and least accessible part of personality
• harbors sexual and aggressive instincts
• contains the libido
• pursues instant gratification with little regard for the constraints of the environment
• operates on the pleasure principle - pursue pleasure and avoid pain
• at birth people are all Id
• characterized by primary process - image based thinking  of instant wish-fulfillment in the absence of real world gratification

• negotiates between the demands of the id and the limitations of the external world
• embodies rationality and pragmatism
• operates on the reality principle - postponing gratification until there is an appropriate and safe object through which the tension can be alleviated
• characterized by secondary process thinking - practical and realistic thinking

• Internalized parental voice
• formed early in childhood
• learns to administer internal rewards and punishments
• guilt is its form of punishment
• encompasses perfectionism, morality, conscience, and operating within the rules
• constant conflict with the Id
• seeks to deny gratification completely

• unconscious distortions of the exterior reality, used by the ego to alleviate anxiety
• most basic is repression - forces anxiety into the unconscious
• sublimation is more advanced
• reliance on primitive defense mechanisms in later life is partly responsible for the development of neurosis

• life instincts = eros - deal with survival, reproduction and pleasure
• death instincts = thanatos - reflections of an unconscious desire to cease to exist as a conscious entity and are the least popular/influential of Freud's constructs

• saying whatever comes into your mind as soon as it occurs to reveal the hidden contents of the unconscious
• symbolic in nature
• superego was not able to recognize the material in symbolic form and so did not censor it

• manifest content - literal images of the dream
• latent content - unconscious wishes, thoughts, and feelings that give rise to specific manifest content

• displacing feelings about key people in their lives onto a therapist
• an obstacle to treat (not anymore)
• able to provide some insight

• first follow of Freud to break from him
• created individual psychology
• believed humans were motivated by concern for social and personal power not sexuality
• primary personality constructs were creative self and style of self 
• developed inferiority complexes and compensation - behaviors with overcorrect weakness

• another follower to break from Freud
• Also objected to the importance of sexuality
• had a more complicated structure for conscious and unconscious
• mind exists of the ego - self observing part of the conscious and is regarded as being the while of a person's personality
• and persona - how you present yourself to the world and interacts exclusively with the outside world
• four basic functions of consciousness - thinking, feelings, sensation, and intuition

divided the unconscious into two parts

• personal - contains memories and repressed material form one's own life experiences primarily from early life. where complexes exist
• collective - contains instinctual wisdom of the human species perceived as archetypes

• believed imbalance between conscious and unconscious elements of personality impact daily living and creates psychopathology
• individuation - the complete and independent development of each aspect of the psyche

• taxonomy of Freudian defense mechanisms are part of her work
• formed the initial basis of ego psychology - working with the client through the ego and interpreting their use of defenses and enriched the concept of counter transference

• wholeheartedly adopted Freud's theory of death instincts
• worked mostly with children
• rejected the Freuds idea of the newborn infant as undifferentiated Id, rather she believed that infants strive for relationships with significant others
• saw fantasy as an inherent and fundamental process
• believed there were two positions which appear first in infancy but continue to inform interpretations throughout life

paranoid-schizoid position - an infants first means of processing dichotomous experiences of the external world. contains part objects - a single physical or psychological part of a person (a breast) which can be good and bad (good when it gives milk, bad when it does not)

The depressive position - children develop the capacity to form whole objects which are more realistic representations of people.  children typically vacillate between the two positions before the depressive position becomes dominant

• began as a modification of Freudian theory, shifting the emphasis in psychology to innate drives to relationships
• foundation is a belief in a system of internal relationships with mental representations of others "objects"

• produced the first true object relations model of personality, where the self is totally formed material taken from others
• rejected the influence of biological drives
• believed the ego is object seeking  and always working towards relationships
• believed infants where born psychologically whole
• believed psychopathology to be the direct or indirect product of internalized bad objects
• ego was split into three aspects, central ego (related to people and the external world), libidinal ego (loving and grows in response to good experiences and others), and anti-libidinal ego (formed out of bad object experiences and functions like the superego) called the endopsychic situation

• emphasized the importance of the early environment and mothering in creation of the self
• holding environment - adapting itself to the needs of the infant and enacted by mother
• primary maternal preoccupation - subsume own needs totally in serving the needs of the infant
• good enough mother - the mother provided holding environment - through which the infant develops a narcissistic omnipotence 
• concept of true self - allows person to feel real, whole, spontaneous and genuine in relationships 
• concept of false self - lack sense of reality and unable to be genuine 
• transitional object - means to the smooth passage from subjective omnipotence to object perception

• theory grew from work with narcissistic personalities 
• narcissism is a normal component of personality and too much was the result of severe trauma during childhood

• Responsible for the birth of Gestalt Psychology
• experiment involved the perception of moving lights 
• thought the perceptual field was organized according to certain rules 

• Proximity - close together in time or space appear to belong together and perceived together
• Closure - tendency in perception to complete incomplete figures 
• Figure/Ground - tendency to organize perceptions into which object is focused on and a background against which it appears.

• did animal studies of perceptual organization 
• believed learning is primarily insight based

• Existential - encompasses several philosophical systems that emphasize individual freedom and independence and the freedom of choice
• Humanism - emphasize personal worth of the individual and their capacity to overcome hardship
• popular in the 1960's
• declared the "third force"
• emphasized the holistic nature of the human consciousness

• Self-actualization
• human's greatest need is to actively use all of their qualities and abilities for personal development 
• hierarchy of needs 
• broken down by basic needs 1-3 and metaneeds 4-5

• mind was referred to as the organism 
• sensory experience = phenomenal field 
• ideas of self = one's understanding of himself 
• congruence = organism in harmony with self = real self 
• conditions of worth = criteria to meet to get positive regard 
• incongruence = self becomes distorted = ideal self (unrealistic vision of one's self) 
• two defenses = denial and perceptual distortion (makea threatening situation less threatening)
• unconditional positive regard = positive regard to matter what 
• therapy is completely non-directive

• comes from Maslow, Yalom, and Rollo May
• positive feedback is not whats needed for clients 
• all about the choices people make 
• facilitate resilience and hardiness in clients 
• experiences of self, other, and world

• each person is capable of assuming full personal responsibility for their thoughts, feelings, and actions
• living as an integrated whole 
• introduced closure 
• focuses on shoulds and the present moment 
• personality is divided into the self ( tendency towards self-actualization) and the self-image (pleasing others)
• focus on process rather than content and uses confrontation and role play

• developed out of his experience in a concentration camp
• about finding meaning in experience 
• pathology comes from the existential vacuum (a hole left when meaning is absent)
• belief in a total freedom of choice 
• saw guilt in more positive terms as a responsibility for ones life

• used "text" to describe all cultural artifacts 
• proposed that by deconstructing texts one could discover important meanings which have been excluded 
• all about construction and deconstruction 
• rejects the scientific method
• claims to embrace diversity and "otherness"

• founded social constructionism
• human knowledge and awareness are the product of social processes 
• emphasize a non-expert stance

• Created by Michael White 
• stories are the primary unit of meaning in human interaction and thought 
• help clients to re-author their stories

• racial groups needs a psychology by and for its own people 
• Afrocentrism was created by Leopold Senghor
• alternative taxonomy for personality disorders

• Began in the 1960s
• principle that the personal is political 
• concerned with the biases of seeing women as more psychologically unhealthy
• acknowledge the power differential in the therapy room
• promote power with rather than power over
• avoid diagnoses and labels 
• necessity of social and political activism 
• in the 1990's incorporated relational theory by Judith Jordan