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What are four general complaints people have about their partner that leads to breakups?
- 1. Faults with the other person = too many negative qualities
- 2. Refusals to compromise for the good of the relationship = partner cannot be influenced to change faults or add rewarding behaviors
- 3. Constraints = too many demands by the partner, boredom, lack of freedom, too much effort/work
- 4. Miscellaneous = reason that didn't fit with other categories
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What is the divorce rate for first marriages?
40% - 50%
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Is the divorce rate for second marriages higher or lower than first time marriages?
higher
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What are three dimensions of termination strategies?
- bilateral/unilateral
- self/other orientation
- direct/indirect
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What is Gottman's Cascade Model of divorce?
1. Begins with behavior and a negative perception of it
2. Physiological responses
3. Flooding and negative sentiment
4. Recasting history of marriage and considering alternatives (separating and thinking about divorce)
5. Distance and Isolation
6. Divorce
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What is each of the RASA elements of Treasure's acronym for effective listening?
Receive, appreciate, summarize, ask
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What kind of termination strategy is used when both people within the relationship decide to terminate it?
Bilateral
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What kind of termination strategy is used when one person decides to terminate it?
Unilateral
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What kind of termination strategy would most likely say "We're breaking up"?
Direct
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What kind of termination strategy would most likely say "It's not you, it's me" ?
Indirect
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What kind of termination strategy focuses more on the other person and not hurting his/her feelings?
Other orientation
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What kind of termination strategy focuses more on the person initiating the break-up and getting out of the relationship?
Self orientation
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What are some behaviors associated with communication of distance?
avoidance - no longer talking like friends, no compliments or admiration, understanding decreases
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What are some behaviors associated with communication of dissociation?
- emphasizing individuality
- no longer using pet names or shortcuts
- showing interest in activities that deviates from relationship norms
- diverging from normal communication/behavioral routines
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How is the approval of friends and family related to the long term stability of a relationship?
the more support you have is the more stable it will be
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Are relationships influenced by both positive and negative approvals?
Yes
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What is the difference between dynamic and static categories?
Static categories don't change once married, but dynamic ones can be worked on and are high divorce predictors
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What are examples of static factors?
- Personality factors
- Parental divorce
- Religious dissimilarity
- Previous divorce
- Young age at marriage
- Economic status
- Major health issues
- Cohabitation
- History
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What are examples of dynamic factors?
- Four horsemen
- Unrealistic expectations
- Substance abuse
- Communication skill
- Commitment and motivation
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What is the four horsemen of apocalypse of marriage? Describe each.
- Criticism: attack on character
- Defensiveness: it's not my fault, blaming on the other
- Stonewalling: withdrawing not engaging
- Contempt: burning hatred
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Which is the worst of the four horsemen of apocalypse of marriage?
contempt
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What is the ratio of positive to negative behaviors in couples who stay together and those who divorce?
20 to 1 in happy couples and about 8 to 1 in couples soon to divorce
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According to John Gottman, what do couples fight about?
- work
- in-laws
- money
- sex
- housework
- new babies
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According to John Gottman, are wives or husbands more likely to stonewall?
husbands
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Why do people use termination accounts post-breakup?
- 1. it allows them to reduce or eliminate uncertainty and ambiguity that follows break ups...seek clarity and understanding
- 2. it fulfulls the "social presentational" function that protects or enhances the individuals self esteem
- 2. it is a vehicle for emotional release
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What is the fifth horseman? Define it.
Belligerence - when someone expresses their anger in an aggressive, threatening way
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What are termination accounts?
Accounts are explanatory scripts that present the plot, introduce the characters and tell the "why" of the breakup
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What hormones are related to infidelity?
vasopressin and dopamine
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How does income relate to a male's likelihood of cheating?
if the man makes significantly more or less, he is more likely to cheat
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What role does similarity play in chances of a couple staying together?
- "birds of a feather flock together"
- You're more likely to stay together because you have more common ground
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What are communication behaviors related to preventing divorce?
- Soften the start up - communicate complaints in a respectful manner; express needs without criticizing your partner
- Tell your partner what you want, rather than what you don't want
- Listen for statements of need and respond with open ended questions
- Accept your partner's emotional bias - reciprocate positivity even when they aren't in the best mood
- Express appreciation
- Repair conversations - diffuse negativity by apologizing, smiling, or making a funny comment
- Establish rituals for connection - set aside time to be together alone as a couple
- Accept influence - marriages are happier when husbands are willing to listen and be influenced by their wives
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How do factors such as alcohol, pain, heat, severe cold, crowded conditions, and depression influence conflict instigation?
these conditions are associated with anger-like behavior, which can in turn be identified as an invitation to a conflict
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Under what conditions are people most likely to confront a conflict interaction?
- being under the influence
- being under negative emotions
- environmental and simulators
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Under what conditions are people most likely to avoid a conflict interaction?
positive moods and certain mood disorders
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Which part of the brain is activated when experiencing negative emotions?
Hypothalmus-pituitary-adrenal axis
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Under what conditions are people more likely to compete in a conflict interaction?
- desire for control over conflict outcome or degrade the partner
- withdrawal from relationships
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Can direct and indirect approaches can be used together?
Yes
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Under what conditions is a person more likely to cooperate in a conflict interaction?
- wanting to negotiate more
- trying to alleviate issues with denial or avoidance
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What are the four general conflict strategies that are in the DINN of conflict?
- direct fighting
- indirect fighting
- negotiation tactics
- nonconfrontational
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What are strategies for improving conflict discussed in class?
- decide whether to confront or avoid
- complain but don't criticize
- focus on interests/goals rather than positions
- don't mix issues, solve one problem at a time
- When you're wrong admit it, and when you're right shut up
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What advice did the professor give if your partner confronts you?
- Don't counter attack
- Admit the possibility that you are wrong
- Admit your responsibility when you're wrong (avoid defensiveness)
- Agree in principle with other's feelings when possible
- Call time-out if the discussion gets to heated
- Apologize even if you don't think it was your fault
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Why are aversive conflict behaviors harmful to relationships?
- 1. emotional flooding
- 2. attribute negative intent to our partner
- 3. project negative outcomes in the future
- 4. either attacks face directly or disconfirms our identity by attacking face
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What is it called when we are overwhelmed with negative thinking about the partner, changes the way we think about the relationship when repeated over time?
emotional flooding
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What is it called when we don't get what we want and we blame our partner for intentionally preventing positive outcomes?
Attribution of negative intent to our partner
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What are the attributional styles of distressed couples?
More likely to attribute their partner's behaviors to situational causes, assume that the causes are unstable and unlikely to be repeated, the good things their partners did was accidental and with more negative than positive intent
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What are the attributional styles of nondistressed couples?
attribute partner's behaviors to internal dispositional causes, will be stable over time and golablly influential in a varity of marital situations, attribute negative behaviors to external circumstances or a temmporary state.
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According to Julie Gottman, what are the behaviors that successful couples use in confronting a partner about a conflict issue?
- 1. Always start with "I" + feeling
- 2. About what (the facts)
- 3. Said what they needed
describe themselves and then describe the situation
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What is the difference between persuasion and coercion?
coercion is involuntary whereas persuasion and compliance are voluntary
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What is the "foot in the door" compliance gaining tactic?
- time in between
- ask for a small favor that is likely to be accepted, and then ask for a larger favor
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Why does the "foot in the door" compliance gaining tactic work?
people don't want to appear to be inconsistent
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What is the "door in the face" compliance gaining tactic?
- within one conversation
- begin with an extreme request that is almost always rejected then retreat to a more moderate request (which you planned all along)
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What is the "low ball" tactic?
obtain commitment to an action then increase the cost of completing it
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What tactic would a salesman be most likely to use?
low ball tactic
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Why does the "low ball" tactic work?
People want to seem consistent
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What is the "that's not all" tactic?
persuader makes an offer but before the person of interest can make a decision, the persuader throws something else into the deal to make it seem better
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Why does the "that's not all" tactic work?
the offer seems more attractive
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What are the basic principles of compliance?
- Anchor and contrast effects
- Reciprocity
- Commitment
- Liking
- Social Validation
- Authority
- Scarcity
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What basic principle of compliance has to do with credibility?
authority
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What basic principle of compliance has to do with opportunities are seen as more vulnerable when there are less of them?
scarcity
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What basic principle of compliance has to do with our tendency to see an action as more appropriate when we see others doing it?
Social Validation
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What basic principle of compliance has to do with the pressure to conform?
social validation
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What is the persuasive effect of physical attractiveness?
- more physically attractive people are more likely to gain compliance from others
- signify credibility and status
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What is the indebtedness theory?
- when we owe someone something we are more likely to comply
- help those who have helped us
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What is the perceptual contrast theory?
- when making decision we are more prone to the decision item with the reference
- compared with the first item, the second request seems much more reasonable
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What is the self-presentation theory?
assumes our behaviors aim to create desired impressions
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What are the five sources of social powers underlying? (as described by French and Raven)
- Reward Power
- Coercive Power
- Expert Power
- Legitimate Power
- Referent Power
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Which of the five sources of social power has to do with being admired or respected?
Referent Power
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Which of the five sources of power has to do with one's official rank or formal standing?
Legitimate Power
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Which of the five sources of power has to do with expertise or competence?
Expert Power
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Which of the five sources of power has to do with the ability to inflict punishments or impose penalties on others?
Coercive Power
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Which of the five sources of power has to do with the ability to confer benefits on others?
Reward Power
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How do compliance-gaining strategies impact positive face?
can convey disapproval
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How do compliance-gaining strategies impact negative face?
can constrain the others freedom or autonomy
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What is positive face?
the desire for approval
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What is negative face?
- the need to be free from obligation or imposition
- freedom to choose for oneself
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What is the "disrupt-then-reframe" (DTR) strategies of compliance gaining?
strategy to reduce resistance by using non-sequitur
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Why is "Would you like to buy a raffle ticket for $3? That's 300 pennies, what a bargain!" a DTR strategy?
- 300 pennies disrupts the thought process by reducing resistance
- "what a bargain" reframes and redirects attention to positive features of request
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"even-a-few-minutes-help" prove that
verbal strategies are ineffective
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Which nonverbal cues influence compliance gaining attempts?
- immediacy
- touch
- eye contact
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Which nonverbal cue tends to elicit a more favorable impression of the requester?
touch
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Which nonverbal behavior increases target's willingness to participate?
direct eye contact
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What are the main features of the Goals-Plans-Action theory of message production? Which are external or internal?
- Goals are future states of affairs that an individual is committed to achieving or maintaining (Motivate Plans; internal)
- Plans are cognitive representation of the behaviors that are intended to enable goal attainment (internal)
- Actions are the behaviors enacted in an effort to realize a goal (external)
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How do primary goals influence compliance messages?
primary goals are the catalysts for compliance gaining
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How do secondary goals influence compliance messages?
secondary goals shape the approach used
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What is each of the RASA elements of Treasure's acronym for effective listening?
- Receive - pay attention to the person
- Appreciate - making little noises
- Summarize - the word 'so' is important
- Ask - ask questions afterwards
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What are five ways Treasure identifies improving listening?
- silence
- mixer (take in noises around you)
- savoring (smaller more mundane sounds)
- listening positions
- RASA acronym
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What are the barriers Treasure discusses in becoming a conscious listener?
- inventing ways of 8 recording
- the world is so noisy
- we are becoming impatient
- desensitized
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How does Julian Treasure define listening?
making meaning from sound, a mental process of extraction
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What are each of the EMPATHY elements in Helen Riess's approach to teaching
- E- eye contact/gaze
- M - muscles of facial expressions ... we read facial emotions
- P- posture .. conveys connection
- A- affect ... expressed emotions naming the feelings
- T- tone of voice
- H - hearing the whole person .. don't judge, keep curiosity open
- Y - your response .. respond to people's feelings ... we mirror each others feelings
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What are the different listening positions?
- active listening .. "what I hear you say is..."
- passive listening (not interpreting anything)
- critical listening (do I agree or do I disagree)
- empathetic listening (letting people not just feel heard, but feel understood)
- reductive listening (there is an objective for a conversation)
- expansive listening (enjoying the journey.. more eye contact)
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What is emotional support?
- the things people do that make us feel loved or cared for, that bolster your sense of self-worth
- communicated through verbal and nonverbal communication
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What is instrumental support?
tangible help that others may provide
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What is the term usually used to describe the communication of emotional support?
comforting
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How is a person-centeredness defined in the reading assignment?
messages reflect an awareness of and an adaption to the subjective, effective and relational aspects of communication
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What are the gender differences in sending and receiving person-centered comforting
messages?
women have higher level messages
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Why do men receive lower levels of person-centered messages than females?
femininity factor
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How does response efficacy influence people's perceptions of advice giving?
when perceived to be high, recipients rate the advice more favorably, feel better, able to cope, and are more likely to implement action
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What is response efficacy?
our belief that a certain action will actually be effective
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How does reappraisal work in supportive communication?
It reduces emotional distress when it encourages recipients to produce detailed, emotion focused narrative about their problems
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What is invisible support, and how does it help someone in distress?
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