-
Anatomy
- study of the morphology of those structures that make up an
- organism.
-
Microscopic
(histology)-
- study
- of cells, tissues, etc. w/electron, light or scanning micro.
-
Developmental(embryology)
- cellular
- and structural changes during growth
-
Gross
- macroscopic
- with aid of dissection
-
-
Functionaly
- micro and macro as it relates to functions and
- processes
-
Pathology
- micro and macro study and identification of
- diseases
-
Surgical
- use
- of gross anatomy to surgerical
-
Surface
- of
- visible and palpable of the outside surface
-
Ipsilateral
on the same side
-
Contralateral
on the opposite side.
-
Parietal
- pertaining
- to wall of the cavity
- ex. The
- parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the rib cage
-
Visceral
- Pertaining
- to internal organs
- ex.The
- visceral pleura cover the surface of the lungs
-
Somati
- pertaining
- to body or trunk
- ex.nerves
- to the skeletal
- muscle s of the trunk are general somatic efferent
- nerves.
-
Assignment 1 - Anatomical Position
In the anatomical position, describe the position of the following structures
on your body:
- Elbow
- Index finger
- Ankle
- Sternum
- Scapula
- What
- is the position of the following structures the anatomical position:
- - Elbow: ventral, distal to the shoulder, proximal to the wrist
- - Index finger: distal to the metacarpals
- - Ankle: superior to the foot, inferior to the knee
- -
- Sternum: ventral, medial to the ribs, inferior the clavicle
- - Scapula: dorsal, lateral to the
- thoracic spine.
-
-
Tranverse or Cross Sections
horizontally
-
*****Movements occur in references to each of these cardinal
planes and about an axis of motion which intersects the reference plane.
Flexion and extension most commonly occur in the sagittal plane about a
transverse (X) axis. Abduction and adduction movements take place generally in
the frontal plane about an antero-posterior (Z) axis. Medial (internal) and
lateral (external) rotation occurs in the transverse plane about a longitudinal
or vertical (Y) axis.*******
-
*****Many functional movements occur diagonal to the
cardinal planes rather than parallel to them. Because these diagonal movements
take place between at least two of the cardinal planes, the axis of this
diagonal motion must also lie between the axes of motion of each plane. For
example, if the arm is lifted diagonally at a 45 degree angle from the side of
the body, it moves between the sagittal and frontal planes. The axis of the
movement at the glenohumeral joint lies between the transverse axis of the
sagittal plane and the antero-posterior axis of the frontal plane. Because of
this diagonal axis of motion, movement at the glenohumeral joint would consist
of a combination of flexion in the sagittal plane and abduction in the frontal
plane.*****
-
Triplanar
- flex/ext
- in sagittal, ab/add in frontal, rotation in transverse
-
Degree of joint freedom
- amount
- of movement in each cardinal plane
-
-
Biaxial
- metacarpophalangel
- and radiocarpal
-
Uniaxial
- humeroulnar,
- interphalangeal joints
-
-
Osteokinematics
- study
- of gross motions of limbs, trunk, etc.
-
Arthrokinematics
study of movement bet two adjacent articular surfaces.
-
Rotatory
rotational and angular
-
Translatory
linear movement
-
Gliding or sliding
flat surface against flat surface
-
Curvilinear
synovial joints
-
Active range of motion-arom
-
Passive range of motion-prom
-
END-FEEL
- resistance
- felt at end range of PROM
-
THUMB
FLEXION
- movement
- of the thumb towards the index finger at the carpometacarpal joint, also called
- RADIAL ADDUCTION of the thumb
-
THUMB
EXTENSION
- lateral
- movement of the thumb away from the index finger at the carpometacarpal joint,
- also called RADIAL ABDUCTION of the thumb
-
ABDUCTION
- moving
- away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane about an anteroposterior
- axis, opposite of adduction
-
THUMB
ABDUCTION
- anterior
- movement of the thumb away from the palm at the carpometacarpal joint, also
- called PALMER ABDUCTION of the thumb
-
ADDUCTION
- moving
- toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane about an anteroposterior
- axis, opposite of abduction
-
THUMB
ADDUCTION
- posterior
- movement of the thumb toward the palm at the carpometacarpal joint, also called
- PALMAR ADDUCTION of the thumb
-
OPPOSITION
- movement of the thumb which brings the anterosuperior pad of the thumb in
- contact with the pad of any one of the fingers, a pinch-like movemen
-
PRONATION
- a)
- medial turning (rotation) of forearm so that the palm of the hand faces
- posteriorly (downward if the elbow is flexed); b) a combined triplanar movement
- at the ankle and at the foot consisting of dorsiflexion, eversion and
- abduction; c) opposite of supination
-
SUPINATION
- a)
- lateral turning (rotation) of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces
- anteriorly (upward if the elbow is flexed); b) a combined triplanar movement at
- the ankle and at the foot consisting of plantarflexion, inversion and
- adduction; c) opposite of pronation
-
ULNAR
DEVIATION
- medial
- movement of the hand in the frontal plane at the wrist joint, movement of the
- hand to the side of the ulna and little finger
-
RADIAL
DEVIATION
- lateral movement of the hand in the frontal plane at the wrist joint, movement
- of the hand to the side of the radius and thumb
-
MEDIAL
ROTATION
- rotation
- toward the midline in a transverse plane about a longitudinal (vertical) axis
-
LATERAL
ROTATION
- rotation
- away from the midline in a transverse plane aboutlongitudinal (vertical) axis
-
CIRCUMDUCTION
- a
- circular movement produced by combining flexion, adduction, extension, and
- abduction
-
RETRACTION
- a)
- moving backward; b) horizontal movement of the scapula toward the midline of
- the body, same as scapular adduction; c) posterior movement of the mandible and
- clavicle; d) opposite of protraction
-
PROTRACTION
- a)
- moving forward; b) horizontal movement of the scapula away from the midline of
- the body, same as scapular abduction; c) anterior movement of the mandible and
- clavicle; d) opposite of retraction
-
ELEVATION
- upward
- movement, movement of a body part superiorly, opposite of depression
-
DEPRESSION
- downward
- movement, movement of a body part inferiorly, opposite of elevation
-
INVERSION
- inward
- turning of the foot so that the plantar surface (bottom) of the foot faces
- medially and the great (big) toe moves cranially, opposite of eversion
-
EVERSION
- outward
- turning of the foot so that the plantar surface (bottom)of the foot faces
- laterally and the great (big) toe moves caudally, opposite of inversion
-
Types of Joints
Synarthoses
a. mating bones interconnect by fibrous or cartilage
b. no joint cavity
c. movement is absent or limited
Cartilaginous
Fibrous
-
Types of Joints
Diarthroses
- freely moveable
- ex. Synovial
-
Fibrous joints-
a. Sutures-skull
- b.
- Syndesmoses-joining
- my ligamentous tissue
Ex. Distal tibiofibular joint
Interosseous membrame bet radius and ulna
-
Cartilaginous
joints
- a.
- Symphyses-unites
- bone by disc of fibrocartilage
Ex. Pubic symphysis
- Intervertebral joint(also
- refered to an amphiarthrosis)
- b. Synchondroses-bones united by hyaline
- cartilage
- Ex. Union of costal cartilage of the rib
- and sternum
-
Synovial
- have
- (1) a joint space which may or may not be divided by a fibrous interarticular
- disc or meniscus, (2) a synovial membrane lining the joint cavity which
- produces synovial
- fluid for joint lubrication and nutrition, (3) a fibrous joint capsule which
- may be reinforced by joint ligaments, and (4) a thin layer of cartilage,
- usually hyaline, without perichondrium covering the articular surfaces of the
- mating bones
-
Types
of joints:
- A)
- Plane, eg. intercarpal joints of the wrist; B) hinge ,
- eg.humeroulnar joint at the elbow; C) pivot ,
- eg. median atlantoaxial joint; D) condyloid ,
- eg.radiocarpal joint of the wrist; E) saddle ,
- eg. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; and F) ball and
- socket , eg. glenohumeral joint
-
Close packed position
- joints
- congruent
- ***Capsule and ligaments taut
-
Loss packed position
- joint
- unlocked inefficient for load bearing
- ***Capsule
- and ligament lax
-
Types of synovial
PLANE
or ARTHRODIAL JOINTS
- These
- joints have relatively flat articular surfaces that permit gliding movements in
- any plane. Some intercarpal joints, some intertarsal joints, and the
- acromioclavicular joint are examples of plane joints
-
Types of synovial
HINGE
OR GINGLYMUS JOINTS
- These
- joints have one concave articular surface and an opposing convex articular
- surface. They allow mainly uniaxial movement in the sagittal plane. The
- interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toes, and the humeroulnar joint of
- the elbow are hinge joints
-
Types of synovial
PIVOT
OR TROCHOID JOINTS
- These
- joints have one concave articular surface, one convex surface. They allow
- mainly uniaxial joint movement in the transverse plane. The proximal radioulnar
- and the median atlantoaxial joints are classified as pivot joints
-
Types of synovial
CONDYLOID
OR ELLIPSOID JOINTS
- These
- joints have an oval concave articular surface and an opposing oval convex
- articular surface. They allow biaxial movement in sagittal and frontal planes.
- Rotation is restricted by the curvature of the opposing joint surfaces. The
- radiocarpal joint of the wrist, the metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers,
- and the metatarsophalangeal joints of the foot are condyloid joints
-
Types of synovial
SADDLE
OR SELLAR JOINTS
- In
- this joint, each articular surface has a concave and convex surface. The plane
- of the concave surface is at a right angle to the plane of the convex surface.
- The position of the concave and convex surfaces on one articular surface is
- reversed on the opposing articular surface. This joint may permit biaxial or
- triaxial movement. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a saddle joint. It
- permits biaxial movement in the sagittal and frontal planes, but rotation is restricted
- by the interlocking configuration of the opposing articular surfaces. The
- sternoclavicular joint is also a saddle joint. It allows triaxial movement
-
Types of synovial
BALL
AND SOCKET OR ENARTHRODIAL JOINTS
- These
- joints have one concave articular surface and one convex articular surface. The
- curvature of each articular surface is similar in all planes. These joints
- permit movements in all three cardinal planes (triaxial). The hip and
- glenohumeral joints are examples of ball and socket joints
-
Concave/convex
rule
- a. Convex moves on a concave-convex
- articular surface is opposite of observed ostero movement
- Concave
- on convex- concave articular surface is same of observed
- ostero movement
-
Load-external force
Tensile
- pulls
- away from a structure or pulls along the same plane but in opposite directions.
- It produces a tensile stress within the material which is resisted by
- compressive stress. If the tensile stress is greater than the resisting
- compressive stress, the material elongates
-
Load-external force
Compression
- acts
- in the same plane but towards each other. It p roduces compressive stress
- within the material which is resisted by tensile stress. If the compressive
- stress is greater than the tensile stress, the material is squeezed or
- compressed (compressive strain)
-
Load-external force
SHEAR
LOAD
- acts
- in parallel planes and but in opposite directions. It produces stresses that
- are also parallel but in opposite directions. These stresses cut or tear the
- material (shearing strain) in a scissor-like action
-
Stress
- material
- deforms due to force/transmitting and resistive forces cause
-
Strain
- change
- in size or angle as compared to original config
-
**** BENDING, Torsion, FRICTION and TORQUE are
specific types forces that have an important role during movement. BENDING loads
produce tensile stress and strain on the convex side of the bend and
compressive stress and strain on the concave side. Torsion produces
rotational shear stress and strain, resulting in the twisting of the
material.****
-
FRICTION
- resists
- movement between contacting surfaces. Its magnitude is related to 1) the amount
- of force pressing the contacting surfaces together, 2) the amount of surface
- area in contact between surfaces, and 3) the surface texture of the materials
- in contact
-
TORQUE
or MOMENT
- TORQUE
- or MOMENT of a force measures the
- capability of a force to produce rotation about an axis in any lever. Torque
- occurs at a joint when muscle contraction produces a force (F) that results in
- rotatory joint motion. Torque equals the magnitude of the applied force (F)
- times the perpendicular distance between the vector representing the direction
- of force and the axis of rotation
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