renal

• remove waste
• homeostasis of blood 
• urine formation
• hormonal regulation (endocrine funct)

• glomerular filtration
• tubular reabsorption
• tubular secretion

adjusts for electrolyte (Na+) and acid base homeostasis through hormonal control of ADH and aldosterone and H2O reabsorption

reabsorbs 60% of ions

• renin: catalyzes synthesis of aldosterone
• 1,25 DHVD: activates Vit D
• erthropoeitin: increases RBC production
• prostaglandins: increases blood flow

• inflammation, prevention of glomerulus from filtration
• proteinuria, albumin <3.5 g/day
• hematuria 
• BUN incrs
• GFR decrs

• increased permeability of glomerular basement membrane
• massive proteinuria >3.5 mg/dL
• hypoalbuminemia
• hyperlipidemia
• BUN incrs
• GFR decrs
• edema

passively reabsorbed as a counter ion when Na is reabsorbed in PCT

reabsorbed and excreted by DCT and collecting ducts; excretion controlled by aldosterone

controlled by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Excreted from kidneys

• bacteriuria
• hematuria
• pyuria

• distinguishes between acute glomerular nephropahy and tubular proteinuria
• screens for abnormal monoclonal or polyclonal globulins

• early indicator of myoglobin induced acute renal failure
• severe muscle damage.
• similar in size to Hgb
• rhabdomyolysis: severe ARF

• decrs GFR
• diabetes
• nephropathy

• decrs GFR
• big in size