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acute bronchitis
- self-limiting inflammation of the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract and a common reason for seeking medical care. Most are caused by viruses.
- Air pollution, dust, inhalation of chemicals, smoking, chronic sinusitis, and asthma are other triggers of acute bronchitis
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CAP
- (community acquired pneumonia)
- an acute infection of the lung occurring in patients who have not been hospitalized or resided in a long-term care facility within 14 days of the onset of symptoms.
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HAP
- (hospital acquired pneumonia)
- Also known as nosocomial pneumonia
- a pneumonia in a nonintubated patient that begins 48 hours or longer after admission to hospital and was not present at the time of admission
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pertussis
- highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract caused by gram-negative bacillus Bordetalla pertussis
- The bacteria attach to the cilia of the respiratory tract and release toxins that damage the cilia, causing inflammation and swelling.
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pneumonia
- an acute infection of the lung parenchyma
- sulfa and penicillin was pivotal in the treatment of pneumonia
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tuberculosis
- (TB)
- an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (gram-positive acid-fast bacillus [AFB])
- Spread by air borne particles expectorated when breathing, talking, singing, sneezing, and coughing. Remains in air from minutes to hours.
- Not highly infectious - requires close, frequent, or prolonged exposure.
- Disease cannot be spread by touching, sharing food utensils, kissing, or any other type of physical contact.
- Usually involves the lungs, but any organ can be infected, including brain, kidneys, and bones.
- People most affected are the poor, underserved, and minorities. People most at risk are the homeless, residents of inner-city neighborhoods, foreign-born people, those living or working in institutions (long-term care facilities, prisons, shelters, hospitals), IV injecting drug users, poor people, and those with poor access to health care.
- Immunosuppression from an etiology (HIV infection, malignancy, long-term corticosteroid use) increases the risk of active TB infection
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