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Acquisition
- classical conditioning: initial stage, neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
- operant conditioning: strengthening of a reinforced response
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associative learning
- learning that certain events occur together
- classical conditioning: two stimuli are associated
- operant conditioning: a response and it's consequences
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behaviorism
- view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
- most people agree that it should be an objective, but believe that mental processes are also important
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biofeedback
- system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information
- ex: blood pressure, muscle tension
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classical conditioning
learning to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events
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cognitive learning
acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or language
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cognitive map
mental representation of the layout of one's environment
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extinction
- diminishing on a conditioned response
- classical conditioning: an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
- operant conditioning: a response is no longer reinforced
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extrinsic motivation
desire to perform a behavior to receive a promised reward or avoid a threatened punishment
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fixed interval schedule
- operant conditioning
- reinforcement schedule
- reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed
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fixed ratio schedule
- operant conditioning
- reinforcement schedule
- only reinforces a response after a specified number of responses
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generalization
- once a response has been conditioned
- tendency for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses
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habituation
decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
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high order conditioning
- conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus
- creates a second, usually weaker, conditioned stimulus
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conditioned reinforcers
- a stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
- secondary reinforcers
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conditioned response
- classical conditioning
- learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
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conditioned stimulus
- classical conditioning
- originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response
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continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
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discrimination
- classical conditioning
- learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli
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discriminative stimulus
- operant conditioning
- stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
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emotion-focused coping
- attempt to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor
- attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
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external locus of control
belief that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
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insight
sudden realization of the solution to a problem
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internal locus of control
perception you can control your fate
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intrinsic motivation
desire to perform a behavior efficiently
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latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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law of effect
- Thorndike's principle
- behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
- behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely
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learned helplessness
passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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learning
process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
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mirror neurons
- frontal lobe neurons
- fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
- brain's mirroring of another action may enable irritation and empathy
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modeling
observing and imitating a specific behavior
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negative reinforcement
- increasing behavior by stopping a negative stimulus
- strengthens the response when a stimulus is removed
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neutral stimulus
- classical conditioning
- a stimulus that elicits no response
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observational learning
- learning by observing others
- social learning
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operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment and produces consequences
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operant chamber
- used in operant conditioning research
- a box with a bar or key an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer (usually food)
- attached devices record the animal's rate or bar pressing or key pecking
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operant conditioning
- behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer
- behavior is diminished if followed by a punishment
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partial/intermittent reinforcement
- reinforcing a response only part of the time
- results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction
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positive reinforcement
- increasing behavior by presenting positive stimuli
- strengthens the response
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primary reinforcers
- innately reinforcing stimulus
- usually one that satisfies a biological need
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problem focused coping
attempt to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we react with that stressor
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unconditioned stimulus
- classical conditioning
- stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response
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variable interval schedule
- operant conditioning
- reinforcement schedule
- reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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variable ratio schedule
- operant conditioning
- reinforcement schedule
- reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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prosocial behavior
- positive, constructive, helpful behavior
- opposite of antisocial behavior
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punishment
event that decreases the behavior it follows
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reinforcement schedule
pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
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reinforcer
- operant conditioning
- any event that strengthensĀ the behavior it follows
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respondent behavior
automatic response to some stimulus
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self-control
ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification in favor of greater long-term rewards
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shaping
- operant conditioning procedure
- reinforcers guide behavior towards closer approximations of the desired behavior
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spontaneous recovery
reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause
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stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
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successive approximations
rewarding responses that are closer to the final desired behavior
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unconditioned response
- classical conditioning
- unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
- ex: mouth watering in response to food
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