AP PSYCH UNIT 6

• classical conditioning: initial stage, neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
• operant conditioning: strengthening of a reinforced response

• learning that certain events occur together
• classical conditioning: two stimuli are associated
• operant conditioning: a response and it's consequences

• view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
• most people agree that it should be an objective, but believe that mental processes are also important

• system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information
• ex: blood pressure, muscle tension

learning to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events

acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or language

mental representation of the layout of one's environment

• diminishing on a conditioned response
• classical conditioning: an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
• operant conditioning: a response is no longer reinforced

desire to perform a behavior to receive a promised reward or avoid a threatened punishment

• operant conditioning
• reinforcement schedule
• reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

• operant conditioning
• reinforcement schedule
• only reinforces a response after a specified number of responses

• once a response has been conditioned
• tendency for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses

decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

• conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus
• creates a second, usually weaker, conditioned stimulus

• a stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
• secondary reinforcers

• classical conditioning
• learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

• classical conditioning
• originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

• classical conditioning
• learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimuli and unconditioned stimuli

• operant conditioning
• stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

• attempt to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor
• attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

belief that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

sudden realization of the solution to a problem

perception you can control your fate

desire to perform a behavior efficiently

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

• Thorndike's principle
• behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
• behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely

passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

• frontal lobe neurons
• fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
• brain's mirroring of another action may enable irritation and empathy

observing and imitating a specific behavior

• increasing behavior by stopping a negative stimulus
• strengthens the response when a stimulus is removed

• classical conditioning
• a stimulus that elicits no response

• learning by observing others
• social learning

behavior that operates on the environment and produces consequences

• used in operant conditioning research
• a box with a bar or key an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer (usually food)
• attached devices record the animal's rate or bar pressing or key pecking

• behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer
• behavior is diminished if followed by a punishment

• reinforcing a response only part of the time
• results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction

• increasing behavior by presenting positive stimuli
• strengthens the response

• innately reinforcing stimulus
• usually one that satisfies a biological need

attempt to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we react with that stressor

• classical conditioning
• stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response

• operant conditioning
• reinforcement schedule
• reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

• operant conditioning
• reinforcement schedule
• reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

• positive, constructive, helpful behavior
• opposite of antisocial behavior

event that decreases the behavior it follows

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

• operant conditioning
• any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

automatic response to some stimulus

ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification in favor of greater long-term rewards

• operant conditioning procedure
• reinforcers guide behavior towards closer approximations of the desired behavior

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause

any event or situation that evokes a response

rewarding responses that are closer to the final desired behavior

• classical conditioning
• unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
• ex: mouth watering in response to food