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Olfactory nerve number
CN I
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Olfactory nerve type of axons and functions
Sensory: smell
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Optic nerve type of axons and functions
Sensory: vision
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Oculomotor nerve number
CN III
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Oculomotor nerve type of axons and functions
- Somatic motor: movement of eyeball (innervates 4 extrinsic eye muscles)
- Visceral motor: parasympathetic control of pupil (constriction of pupil)
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Trochlear nerve number
CN IV
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Trochlear nerve type of axons and functions
Somatic motor: movement of eye (superior oblique muscle)
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Trigeminal nerve number
CN V
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Trigeminal nerve type of axons and functions
- Sensory: sensation of touch to the face, sensation of teeth, gums, lips
- Somatic motor: muscles of mastication
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Abducens nerve number
CN VI
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Abducens nerve type of axons and functions
Somatic motor: movement of eye (lateral rectus muscle)
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Facial nerve number
CN VII
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Facial nerve type of axons and functions
- Sensory: taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
- Somatic motor: muscles of facial expression
- Visceral motor: parasympathetic control of salivary glands and lacrimation
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Vestibulocochlear nerve number
CN VIII
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Vestibulocochlear nerve type of axons and functions
Sensory: balance and hearing
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Glossopharyngeal nerve number
CN IX
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Glossopharyngeal nerve type of axons and functions
- Sensory: taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue), sensory input from receptors that monitor blood gases and blood pressure
- Somatic motor: assists in swallowing
- Visceral motor: parasympathetic control of parotid salivary gland
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Vagus nerve type of axons and functions
- Somatic motor: muscles of pharynx and larynx
- Visceral motor: innervates smooth muscle of thoracic and abdominal organs (parasympathetic control)
- Sensory: sensation from the above organs, sensory input from receptors that monitor blood gases and blood pressure
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Spinal accessory nerve number
CN XI
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Accessory nerve type of axons and functions
Somatic motor: movement of muscles in neck
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Hypoglossal nerve number
CN XII
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Hypoglossal nerve type of axons and functions
Somatic motor: movement of tongue
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What is a palsy?
- Paralysis and loss of feeling
- Can be permanent or temporary
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List the cranial nerves in order
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- I: olfactory
- II: optic
- III: oculomotor
- IV: trochlear
- V: trigeminal
- VI: abducens
- VII: facial
- VIII: auditory (vestibulocochlear)
- IX: glossopharyngeal
- X: vagus
- XI: spinal accessory
- XII: hypoglossal
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Which cranial nerves innervate the muscles of the eye?
- LR6(SO4)R3
- Lateral rectus: CN VI (abducens)
- Superior oblique: CN IV (trochlear)
- Remainder of extraocular muscles are innervated by CN III (oculomotor)
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What muscles are innervated by CN III?
- Oculomotor nerve
- Four external ocular muscles (superior, medial, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique)
- Levator of the upper eyelid
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Which cranial nerves are motor, sensory, or mixed (both)?
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- CN I: sensory
- CN II: sensory
- CN III: motor
- CN IV: motor
- CN V: both
- CN VI: motor
- CN VII: both
- CN VIII: sensory
- CN IX: both
- CN X: both
- CN XI: motor
- CN XII: motor
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What is the function of the trochlea of the eye?
Pulley system that pulls on superior oblique
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Superior oblique moves the eye…
Down and laterally
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Inferior oblique moves the eye…
Up and laterally
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Palsy of the oculomotor nerve causes _________________
Ptosis (eye can’t be held open)
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for closing the eye? Which muscle is this?
- CN VII: facial nerve
- Orbicularis musclle
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Which cranial nerve is responsible for opening the eye?
- CN III: oculomotor nerve
- Levator muscle
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What are the clinical signs of oculomotor nerve palsy?
- Ptosis
- Dilation of pupil
- Loss of accommodation of lens
- Eyes turned downward and outward
- Lateral strabismus
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Why does an oculomotor nerve (CN III) palsy cause the eye to turn downward and outward?
The lateral rectus (CN VI) and superior oblique (CN IV) muscles are not affected so eye moves laterally and down
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Why does an oculomotor nerve (CN III) palsy cause ptosis in the eye?
CN III innervated levator muscle so eye cannot stay open without it
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What are the signs of a trochlear nerve (CN IV) palsy?
- Outward and upward rotation of the eye
- Head tilting to compensate for double vision
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What are the signs of the abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy?
Estropia: medial deviation of the eye
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Why does abducens nerve (CN VI) palsy cause estropia?
Medial rectus not affected by abducens nerve, so it pulls eye medially
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The ________________ part of the facial nerve (CN VII) is responsible for lacrimation and salivation
Superior salivatory nucleus
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___________________ is a branch off the facial nerve that runs behind the eardrum
Chorda tympani
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What are the branches off the facial nerve (CN VII)?
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- Temporal branches
- Zygomatic branches
- Buccal branches
- Mandibular branch
- Cervical branch
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If the facial nerve (CN VII) is cut below the level of the nucleus, the patient will present with… This would be considered an ______________ lesion
- The entire side of the face paralyzed
- Lower motor neuronal
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If the facial nerve (CN VII) is cut above the level of the nucleus, the patient will present with… This would be considered an ______________ lesion
- The area below the eyes is paralyzed (upper aspect has dual innervation from both sides of brain)
- Upper motor neuronal
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Bell’s palsy is caused by a lower motor neuron lesion or an upper motor neuron lesion?
Lower motor neuronal lesion
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Bell’s palsy is caused by paralysis of which nerve?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
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What are the symptoms of Bell’s palsy?
- Weakness of both upper and lower facial muscles
- Inability to close the eye tightly
- Impaired lacrimation, salivation, and taste
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_________________ is the most common cause of facial muscle weakness and cranial neuropathy
Bell’s palsy
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Hypoglossal nerve supplies the contralateral/ipsilateral muscle of the tongue
Ipsilateral
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What are the symptoms of a hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) palsy (lower motor neuron)?
- Atrophy of the ipsilateral side of tongue
- Tongue deviates towards affected side
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What is a strabismus?
Cross-eyed
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What is the difference between a bulbar and a pseudo-bulbar palsy?
- Bulbar: lower motor neuron lesion
- Pseudo-bulbar: bilateral upper motor neuron lesion
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Which cranial nerves originate from the cerebrum?
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Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain?
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Which cranial nerves originate from the pons?
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Which cranial nerves originate from the medulla?
- CN VIII
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XI
- CN XII
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