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Chemistry
The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under different conditions.
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Organic Chemistry
The study of substances that contain carbon (burn).
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Inorganic Chemistry
The study of substances that do not contain carbon and do not burn (metals, minerals, water & air).
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Matter
Any substance that occupies spaces and has mass (weight).
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Element
The simplest form of matter and cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without the loss of identity (90 elements).
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Atom
Atoms are the structural units that make up the elements; the smallest particle of an element that retains teh properties of that element.
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Molecule
A chemical combination of two or more atoms.
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Elemental Molecules
A chemical combination of atoms of teh same element (Oxygen 02).
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Compounds
Chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements (sodium chloride-NaCl -table salt).
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States of Matter
- 1) Solid-definite shape and volume.
- 2) Liquid-definite volume, no definite shape.
- 3) Gas-no definite volume or shape.
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Physical Properties
Those chracteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and do not involve a chemical change (color, size, weight, and hardness).
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Chemical Properties
Those characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance (iron to rust/wood to burn).
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Physical Change
A change in the form, or physical properties, of a substance, without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance (ice melts, nail polish dries).
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Chemical Change
A change in the chemical and physical properties of a substance by a chemical reaction that creates a new substance or substances (oxidation of hair color).
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Pure Substance
A chemical combination of matter, in definite proportions (oxygen, ozone, water and salt).
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Physical Mixture
A physical combination of matter in any proportion (saltwater).
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Solution
A stable mixture of two or more mixable substances.
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Solute
The substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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Solvent
The substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.
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Miscible Liquids
Mutually soluble; they can be mixed into stable solutions (water & alcohol).
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Immiscible Liquids
Not capable of being mixed into stable solutions (water & oil).
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Suspension
An unstable mixture of undissovled particles in a liquid (oil & vinegar salad dressing).
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Emulsion
An unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier.
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Surfactants
Substances that act as a bridge to allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify (contraction for "suface active agent").
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Hydrophilic
Water-loving head of the surfactant molecule.
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Lipophilic
Oil-loving tail of the surfactant molecule.
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Oil-in-water Emulsion (O/W)
Oil droplets are emulsified in water; the droplets of oil are surrounded by surfactants with their lipophilic tails pointing in; oil is "hidden" (mayonnaise).
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Water-in-oil Emulsion (W/O)
Water droplets are emulsified in oil; the droplets of water are surrounded by surfactants with their hydrophilic heads pointing in; water is "hidden" (cold creams & styling creams).
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Volatile Alcohols
Alcohols that evaporate easily (isopropyl alcohol & ethyl alcohol).
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Alkanolamines
Substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products; less odor than ammonia.
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Ammonia
A colorless gas with a pungent odor, composed of hydrogen and nitrogen; used to raise the pH in hair products to allow the solution to penetrate the hair shaft (ammonium hydroxide & ammonium thioglycolate).
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Glycerin
A sweet, colorless, oily substance; used as a solvent & moisturizer in skin & body creams.
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Silicones
A special type of oil used in hair conditioners and as water-resistant lubricants for the skin; less greasy than other oils; "breathable" film).
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very quickly (volatile) (SD alcohol in hairspray).
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Ion
An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.
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Ionization
Causes an atom or molecule to split in two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charges.
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Anion
An ion with a negative electrical charge.
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Cation
An ion with a positive electrical charge.
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pH Scale
Measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance (potential hydrogen-quantity of hydrogen ions).
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Logarithm
Multiples of ten.
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Acids
Owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion (H+); pH below 7; turn litmus paper from blue to red; contract and harden the hair (thioglycolic acid in permanent waving).
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Alkalis
Owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion (OH-); "alkali"="base"; ph above 7.0; turn litmus paper from red to blue; soften and swell the hair and skin (sodium hydroxide in chemical hair relaxers).
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Oxidation
A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.
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Exothermic
Chemical reactions that produce heat; all oxidation reactions are exothermic.
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Combustion
The rapid oxidation of substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light (lighting a match).
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Reduction
When oxygen is subtracted from a substance and the substance is reduced.
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Oxidizing agent
A substance that releases oxygen (hydrogen peroxide H202).
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Redox
A contraction for reduction-oxidation; the oxidizing agent is reduced, and the reducing agent is oxidized always at the same time.
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