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The largest organ of the body and most complex is....
The skin
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The study of functions of the skin is called....
Skin physiology
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What is the study of the skins tissue?
Skin Histology
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The integumentary system is made up of which components?
The skin and it's layers
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What is the study of the skin and it's structure, function, disease and treatment?
Dermatology
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Two or more types of tissue that connect together make the various....
Organs
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Other than the brain, what organ is the most complex?
The skin
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Name the treating diseases Dermatologists specialize in.
Skin, hair and nails
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How many functions does the skin perform
Six
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Name six primary skin functions.
- Protection
- Absorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
- Regulation
- Sensation
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What are the tiny openings or passage ways which allow sweat or sebum?
Pores
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What is the opening that contains the root of the hair within it is called...
Hair follicle
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The body and skin maintain its temperature thru what mechanism?
Shivering and goosebumps
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What is the body's largest waste removal system?
The skin.
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What is h20 mixed with salt and other chemicals that have built up in the body called?
Sweat
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What is a complex mixture of fatty acids that keep the skin pliable and supple
Sebum
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Fingernails are composed of...
Hard keratin
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Which of the following make up soft keratin
The skin and hair
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Name the layers of the skin
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
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What is keratin?
Protein substance
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Which is the outermost layer of the skin?
Epidermis
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Which is the underlying or inner second layer of the skin
Dermis
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The subcutaneous layer is composed primarily of what type of tissue?
Adipose (fatty tissue)
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It's often called spiny layer or dermosomes and there are 8-10 cell layers, this layer is called?
Stratum Spinosum
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What is referred to as the true skin?
The Dermis
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The epidermis is primarily composed of?
Keratinocytes
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Keratin is a form of which of the following substances?
Proteins
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Which layer of the skin is located below the dermis and composed primarily of adipose tissue?
The subcutaneous layer
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Cells that cover and protect the inside of the body are?
Epithelial cells
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The toughest sub layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum
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What is the chemical conversion of living cells into dead protein cells called?
Keratinization
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The layer of the skin that does not have blood vessels in it is?
Epidermis
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What is the layer of the epidermis that helps protect the moisture of the skin by acting as a barrier to moisture loss
Stratum corneum
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The squamous within this layer protects protects the layer below the....
Stratum Corneum
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This layer is found throughout the body, but is thickest on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
Stratum Lucidum
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What cells within this layer protects the layers below the stratum corneum?
The squamous cells
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What are whorls?
Epidermal ridge that gives the palms and soles traction.
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What are some true statements of the stratum Lucidum layer?
- Found throughout the body
- Thickest on palms and soles
- Transparent layer that lies between stratum corneum & stratum granulosum
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What are found in the Stratum Granulosum?
Grain like cells
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All cells are ______ in the superficial layers of the epidermis.
Dead
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What cells are found in the stratum Spinosum layer?
Langerhans cells
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Lowest layer of the epidermis is?
Stratum germinativum or stratum basale
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What foreign substance produces an immune response in the body?
Antigens
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What cell recognizes the antigens displayed on the Langerhans cells to assist in destroying them?
T-Cells
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What is another name for the basal layer?
Stratum germinativum
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Basal cells of the stratum germinativum divide through a process called?
Mitosis
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Collagen makes up what percentage of the dermis?
70%
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A fibrous protein preventing the skin from sagging is called?
Elastin
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It gives skin it's color.
Melanocytes
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Where are the mast cells located?
In the dermis
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Name the 4 main receptors for sensation in the dermal layer
- 1) Meissner's corpuscles
- 2) Ruffini's corpuscles
- 3) Pacinian corpuscles
- 4) Krause's end bulbs
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_____ ________ is responsible for reporting light pressure and cold
Meissner's corpuscles
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Sudoriferous glands produce what?
Sweat
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Apocrine glands are located on all of the following body parts, EXCEPT...
Under the arms, in the genitals and the nipples
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Eccrine glands are most abundant in what areas of the body?
The forehead, the palms of the hand and soles of the feet
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Sebaceous glands continually produce and secrete:
Sebum- complex mixture of fatty substances
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Eccrine glands are primarily responsible for:
Thermoregulation- lowering body temp
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Define: Androgen
A male hormone present in both men and women. Influences the amount of sebum.
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The sebaceous glands originate in what?
The dermis
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What is composed of primarily of adipose known a the body's cushioning and acts as a shock absorber to protect the bones?
The subcutaneous layer
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What holds bones to other bones?
Ligaments
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What do touch receptors report?
Touch, pressure and vibration
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What cell type carry lymph nodes?
Lymphocytes
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Which of the following cells connect the dermis to the epidermis?
Hemidesmosomes
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Merkal cells are located in the _____ _______ layer
Stratum germinativum
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What cell covers and protects the inside of the body?
Epithelial cells
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What factors affect the average rate of cell turnover?
Sun exposure, age, use of exfoliation agents, treatments and skin condition
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What is a physical process of of removing dead skin cells with an abrasive product?
Mechanical exfoliation
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Chemical exfoliation is used when the stratum corneum layer is too thick it is hard for product to....
Penetrate the skin
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The factor that influences a faster rate which an ingredient or product penetrates the skin is....
Pore size
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What is intercellular cement?
Substance that binds, adds structural strength & mediates biochemical interactions between cells.
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Name some conditions of the skin..
Rashes, acne, pigmentation, lesions
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Define: Wheal
Solid formation above the skin, often caused by an insect bite or an allergic reaction
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Define: Lesion
Wound, injury, infected or diseased patch of skin, change in structure of the skin tissue, most often caused by injury, damage or skin disease and conditions
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Primary lesions are changes in the structure of the skin during....
Early stages of change and development.
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What is characterized by dry sensitive irritated skin?
Atopic dermatitis
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What is an infection?
Caused by a pathogenic bacteria or virus entering the body or skin and multiplying to the point of interfering with the body's normal state.
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What are allergic reactions that produce an eruption of wheals?
Hives
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Define: Herpes Simplex
A highly contagious viral infection, lies dormant between outbreaks, causes eruptive blister like clusters. Typically found on mucous membranes, mouth, nose or genital
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______ ________ is a common skin infection caused by yeast.
Candida albicans
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What is the technical name for warts?
Verruca
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A furuncle involves how many hair follicles?
One
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Describe a whitehead
A plugged sebaceous gland with an opening that is not widely dilated. Bulge structure because the sebum can not escape, they are soft, lack inflammation and are easy to extract.
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What grade of acne is most severe?
Grade 4
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______ acid promotes drying and cell turnover.
Azaleic acid
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Another name for baby acne is?
Milia
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What is bromidrosis?
A foul smelling perspiration caused by the yeast and bacteria that breakdown the sweat on the surface of the skin
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What is miliara rubra
An acute burning, itching rash. Caused by excessive heat
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The most dangerous skin growth is....t
Melanoma
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Define: albinism
A group of inherited conditions that result in the failure of the skin to produce melanin
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Leukoderma, lentigo, and nevus are all skin.......
Pigmentation disorders
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Another name for freckle is
Lentigo
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Define: nevus
A birthmark or congenital mole
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Define: Keratosis
The build up of skin cells on the epidermis.
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Conditions considered an objective symptom are:
Symptoms that are visible to the eye. Such as papules, pustules, and redness
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What is a skin condition influenced by weather changes?
Seasonal disease
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A Health condition that is created or influenced by the employment environment is considered a(n)
Occupational disorder
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Define: intrinsic
The skins natural aging process
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A form of aging caused by external factors within an individuals control is:
Extrinsic aging
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Which skin type almost always burns and tans minimally?
Type 2
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