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What is a consequence of the longitudinal organization of the spinal cord?
When disrupted, control of muscles distal and sensations from sensory organs distal are lost
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What happens if a spinal cord injury results in spinal shock?
All spinal reflexes are significantly depressed
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Spinal cord injury recovery involves a period of ________________
Hyperactivity
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Duration of spinal shock is related to the degree of ___________________
Encephalization
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Spinal cord injury (acute) can be treated with __________________, which do what?
- Glucocorticoids
- Minimizes the inflammatory response
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The largest intervertebral disks are at the _________________ regions of the spine
Cervical and lumbar
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What is the function of the anterior spine?
Absorbs shock from body movements and protects spinal canal
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What is the function of the posterior spine?
Protects spinal canal and provides attachment points for muscles and ligaments
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Radiculopathy is characterized by…
Sharp pain that radiates down the leg
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Radiculopathy is caused by…
Compression of the nerve root
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What causes disk herniation?
Leakage of the nucleus pulposus
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Annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus innervation
They are not innervated!
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What is lumbar spinal stenosis?
Narrowed lumbar spinal canal
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Lumbar spinal stenosis can lead to __________________
Radiculopathy
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What is the usual symptom of lumbar spinal stenosis?
Neurogenic claudication (bilateral back and butt pain induced by walking or standing and relived by sitting)
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How can you differentiate between neurogenic claudication and vascular claudication?
- Vascular claudication would not occur by standing alone (walking needed)
- Neurogenic claudication occurs by just standing
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How can you differentiate between lumbar spinal stenosis and lumbar disk disease?
- Lumbar disk disease symptoms would not be relieved by sitting
- Lumbar spinal stenosis symptoms would be relieved by sitting
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How can you differentiate between radiculopathy and referred pain?
- Radiculopathy pain affected by posture
- Referred pain unaffected by posture
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Identify A and B. What kind of information goes through C and D?
- A: dorsal/posterior horn
- B: ventral/anterior horn
- C: sensory
- D: motor
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What is the corticospinal tract?
Long motor tract, motor cortex --> muscle
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Primary motor cortex is located _______________ to central sulcus in area _____
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Primary somatosensory cortex is located _________________ to central sulcus in area _____
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Pyramidal decussation occurs where in the corticospinal tract?
Brainstem
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What is the long motor tract?
Corticospinal tract
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What is the long sensory tract?
- Posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway
- Anterolateral pathway (aka spinothalamic pathway)
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Decussation occurs where in the posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway?
Brainstem (nucleus cuneatus for upper body and nucleus gracilis for lower body)
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Decussation occurs where in the anterolateral pathway?
Spinal cord
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The fasciculus cuneatus carries sensory info from which part of the body? This is part of which tract?
- Upper body
- Posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway
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The fasciculus gracilis tract carries sensory info from which part of the body? This is part of which tract?
- Lower body
- Posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway
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What kind of information does the posterior column-medial lemniscal pathway carry?
- Fine touch
- Vibration
- Proprioception
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What kind of information does the anterolateral pathway carry?
- Pain
- Temperature
- Crude touch
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first order neurons take _______________ information from _______________ to the ________________
- sensory
- cutaneous receptor/proprioreceptor
- posterior horn of spinal cord
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where do first order neurons synapse with second order neurons?
spinal cord or medulla (brainstem)
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second order neurons are what type of neurons?
interneurons
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first order neurons are what type of neurons?
sensory neurons
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which order neurons are the ones that undergo decussation?
second order neurons
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where does decussation in second order neurons occur?
spinal cord or medulla (brainstem)
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second order neurons synapse with first order neurons at either spinal cord or medulla and with third order neurons in the _____________
thalamus
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third order neurons are what type of neurons?
interneurons
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third order neurons function
relay sensory information to the somatosensory cortex
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first, second, and third order neurons are involved in which type of pathway? sensory/motor/both
sensory only
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Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus are both located in the _________________
Brainstem
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What is the location of the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?
Posterior lateral
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What is the location of the anterolateral tract in the spinal cord?
Anterior lateral
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What is the location of the posterior column-medial lemniscal tract in the spinal cord?
Posterior column
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