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Signs of hyponatremia? D-A-N T-H-e B-A-L-D
- dry mucous membranes
- anorexia
- N/V
- tachy
- HA
- BP changes
- ABD cramping
- lethargy
- Diarrhea
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Signs of hypernatremia? SALT
- skin flushed
- agitation
- low grade fever
- thirst
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What are S/S of hypokalemia? G MODES
- GI changes (hypoactive, N/V, constipation)
- mental status changes
- orthostatic hypotension
- decreased DTR's (deep tendon reflex)
- ECG changes, dysrhythmias
- shallow respirations
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What are S/S of hyperkalemia? MURDER
- muscle weakness
- urine, oliguria, anuria
- respiratory distress
- decreased cardiac contractility
- ECG changes
- reflexes, hyperreflexia or areflexia (flaccid)
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What are the S/S of hypocalcemia? CATS
- convulsions
- arrhythmias
- tetany (Trousseau's/Chvostek's)
- spasms and stridor
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What are the S/S of hypercalcemia? Bones, Stones, Groans, Moans
- pain in bones, muscle weakness, ↓DTR's
- renal stones
- pain (ABD)
- psychic moans/psychological overtones-confused state
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What are the S/S of hypophosphatemia?
Think HYPERcalcemia
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What are the S/S of hypophosphatemia?
Think HYPOcalcemia
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What are the S/S of hypomagnesemia? CATS + PAGES
- painful muscle contractions
- anorexia
- GI effects (N, constipation, ABD distension..)
- ECG changes
- skeletal muscle weakness
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What are the S/S of hypermagnesemia? WHELS
- weak skeletal muscle contractions/respiratory muscles
- hypotension
- ECG changes
- lethargy
- sweating due to peripheral vasodilation
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