Captain Test

• Trust and Respect
• Leadership Skills
• Effective Leadership

• Personal
• Technical
• Social

Refers to an individuals own internal strengths, capabilities, and character

An individual's ability to perform tasks that require specific knowledge or skills

Person's ability to interact effectively with other people

Crew Resource Management

Focus on what is right, not who is right

Risk a lot to save a savable life, take a calculated risk to save a savable property, and risk nothing to save what is already lost

• Physical condition
• Mental condition
• Attitude
• Understanding human behavior

Encompasses the appropriate actions of those who are led

• Communication skills
• Teamwork
• Task allocation
• Critical decision making
• Situational awareness
• Debriefing

Dividing responsibilities among individuals and teams in a manner that allows for task accomplishment

Knowing one's own limits and the capacity of the team

Describes how commanders can recognize a plausible plan of action

Describes commanders making decisions in their natural environment

The accurate perception of what is going on around you

• Fight the fire
• Assess the problems in the time available
• Gather information from all sources
• Choose the best option
• Monitor results and alter the plan as necessary
• Beware of situational awareness loss factors

• Ambiguity
• Distraction
• Fixation
• Overload
• Complacency
• Improper procedure
• Unresolved discrepancy
• Nobody fighting the fire

• What do we have here?
• What's going on here?
• How are we doing?
• Does this look right?

• What do I know that they need to know?
• What do they know that I need to know?
• What do we all need to know?

• Just the facts
• What did you do
• What went wrong
• What went right
• What are we going to do about it

• Explosion
• Collapse
• Falls
• Falling objects
• Rollover
• Flame-over
• Flashover
• Backdrafts
• Fire
• Smoke
• Heat
• Disorientation
• Electrocution

Standard on Fire Dept Occupational Safety and Health

• Life
• Fire containment
• Property protection
• Reduction of environmental impact

• Collapse rescue operations
• Responding/returning to alarms
• Searching for a fire
• Advancing an attack hoseline
• Operating on a peaked roof
• Operating above a fire
• Cellar fires
• Propane gas tank fires
• Wildfires
• Aerial ladder operations
• Forcible entry
• Master stream operations
• Outside venting
• Fire escape operations
• Overhauling

100 each year to less than 75 each year today

69,400

• Strains
• Sprains
• Wounds
• Cuts
• Bleeding
• Thermal stress
• Burns

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion

BLEVE, gas explosions, and backdraft smoke explosions

• Inside: floor, roof, wall, and ceiling
• Outside: wall

• Higher risk than later stages of a fire
• Dangers of: flashover, rollover, flameover, and smoke explosions

• Peril of secondary collapse
• Explosions
• Possibility of gas-fed rapid fire spread
• Electricity
• Heavy construction equipment
• Search below-grade areas
• Falls, cuts, abrasions
• Uncoordinated operations

• Results in 25% of all firefighter deaths
• Speeding and failure to use seatbelts

• Firefighter operating w/o hoseline
• Firefighters have become lost in smoke, burned to death by flashover, and blown out of building by explosions

Area directly above a fire

Fighting wildfires; After residence fires, more firefighters are killed each year battling wildfires

• Reconnaissance
• Rescue surface victims
• Search voids and crevices
• Tunnel and trench to buried victims
• Remove general debris

• Secure the area
• Survey and perform size-up
• Shut off utilities
• Rescue surface victims
• Search voids and crevices
• Call a time-out in order to withdraw and perform safety size up
• Tunnel and trench to buried victims
• Remove general debris

Secondary collapse

Explosion

Leadership ability determines a person's level of effectiveness

The true measure of leadership is influence - nothing more, nothing less

25%

• Speed
• Lack of seat belts
• Dangerous intersections
• Firefighter's attitudes

Leadership develops daily, not in a day

Anyone can steer the ship, but it takes a leader to chart the course

Leaders add value by serving others

Trust is the foundation of leadership

People naturally follow leaders stronger than themselves

Leaders evaluate everything with a leadership bias

Who you are is who you attract

Leaders touch a heart before they ask for a hand

A leader's potential is determined by those closest to him

Only secure leaders give power to others

People do what people see

People buy into the leader, then the vision

Leaders find a way for the team to win

Momentum is a leader's best friend

Leaders understand that activity is not necessarily accomplishment

A leader must give up to go up

When to lead is as important as what to do and where to go

To add growth, lead followers - to multiply, lead leaders

A leader's lasting value is measured by succession

On the officer's side of the apparatus

• Rollover
• Flashover
• Flameover

• Sudden, sporadic flash of flame mixed with smoke that appears at the upper ceiling level
• Warning sign before flashover

• Explosion of a smoke-filled room into flame
• Takes place after rollover
• At approx. 932^oF

• Growth stage
• Fully developed stage
• Decay stage

5' to 10' into the room from the doorway

• 2 1/2' per second
• Takes a firefighter 5 sec to retreat 10'

Loss of direction due to loss of vision

• 100' of small diameter rope w/metal snap clip at one end
• Necessary to safely search smoke-filled floor in high rise building

Force the door and then keep it closed until a hoseline is ready

248^oF

1000^oF; 500^oF

Those supporting the bathrooms and kitchens

• IC outside at command post
• Interior operations officer in charge of hose team
• Officer/firefighter operating master stream

• Hoseline attack:
•    Saves the most lives
•    Best method to reduce property damage
•    Prevents spread of flame, smoke, and heat

• Rollover
• Flashover
• Backdraft explosion
• Overcrowding
• Wind blowing fire
• Passing fire
• Ceiling collapse
• Floor collapse
• Master streams
• Incorrect size-up from interior

Side above the fire

Transfer of heat via fluid or gas

• Open - most dangerous 
• Enclosed - protection when door is closed
• Smoke-proof tower - safest

• Wood frame
• Ordinary construction
• Heavy timber
• Non-combustible
• Fire-resistive

• Notify command
• Let hoseline officer know about above crew
• When possible, assign firefighter at foot of stairs to warn above crew
• If possible assign one/two extra firefighter to assist hoseline crew
• Locate "safe" room above fire if conditions deteriorate
• Above fire crew must have portable radio
• When operating above fire - 1st locate second exit, before searching for victims
• Stay close to and face wall when climbing or descending stairway

• Gable
• Shed
• Hip
• Gambrel
• Mansard

Gable roof

Gambrel roof

Hip roof

Mansard roof

Shed roof

• Decking
• Support system - trusses, rafters, planks and beams
• Slope
• Surface

• Lightweight truss - most prone to collapse
• Plank-and-beam
• Rafter construction

Max angle for walking on roof w/o roof ladder

Max angle for safe roof ladder operations

Should operate from aerial ladder rungs

• Crawl spaces - least hazardous
• Basements
• Cellars
• Subcellars - most dangerous for firefighters
• Vaults

A floor area that has more than half its height below grade

The rapid ignition of a combustible gas/air mixture that results in shock waves, structural collapse, and heat release

Protective clothing

25%

• Used when first floor above below grade fire becomes too dangerous b/c of collapse risk
• Water is flowed across the floor above a cellar fire

30

• Ground fires
• Surface fires
• Crown fires

Bog fire - slow-spreading, smoldering fire; burning in dried, decomposed leaves and twigs on the ground

Brush fire - often fast moving; burning in grass, grain fields, scrub oak, hemlock, pine, chaparral, or marsh weed

Forest fire - a treetop fire; spreads flame from treetop to treetop; most caused by vertically spreading brush fires

Head is most dangerous; area where firefighters are killed or injured

The rear, upwind area

• The burned area; some hazards still exist:
• Asphyxiation
• Reduced visibility
• Heat

• Eye injuries
• Falls
• Heat exhaustion

• More than 300gpm (1 ton of water per min)
• Fog streams that deliver more than 300gpm
• Solid stream nozzle of 1^1/2 or larger
• Ground
• Aerial

90^o - creates the largest collapse zone

Danger zone a distance of one to two times the height of the wall

• Handline - 50'
• Master stream - 100'

up to 4 tons of water per minute

An interior attack

• Model the Way
• Inspire a Shared Vision
• Challenge the Process
• Enable Others to Act
• Encourage the Heart

• - clarify values by finding your voice and affirming shared values
• - set the example by aligning actions with shared values

• - Envision the future by imagining exciting and ennobling possibilities
• - Enlist others in a common Vision by appealing to shared aspirations

- Search for opportunities by seizing the innitiave and looking outward for innovative ways to improve

• - Foster collaboration by building trust and facilitating relationships
• - Strengthen others by increasing self determination and developing competence

• - Recognize contributions by showing appreciation for individual excellence
• - Celebrate the values and victories by creating a spirit of communnity

• Honest
• Competent
• Inspiring
• Forward-looking

Honesty

Refers to the leaders track record and ability to get things done

If you don't believe the messenger, you won't believe the message

Credibility

• They practice what they preach
• They walk the talk
• Their actions are consistent with their words
• They put their money where their mouth is
• They follow thru on their promises
• They do what they say they will do

• Do What You Say You Will Do
• DWYSYWD

• - How you spend your time
• - What you pay attention to
• - The language you use (words and phrases)
• - The way you handle critical incidents
• - Your openness to feedback

How you spend your time

Only ask others to do something you are willing to do yourself

• - Imagine the possibilities
• - Find a common purpose

• - Reflect on your past
• - Attend to the present
• - Prospect the future
• - Express your passion

• - Integrity: pursuing values and goals congruent with their own
• - Purpose: making a significant difference in the lives of others
• - Challenge: doing innovative work
• - Growth: learning and developing professionally and personally
• - Belonging: engaging in close and positive relationships
• - Autonomy: determining the course of their own lives
• - Significance: feeling trusted and validated

• - V: volatile
• - U: uncertain
• - C: complex
• - A: ambiguous

• - Appeal to common ideals
• - Animate the vision

• Vision
• Strategy
• Execution
• Metrics

• - Appeal to common ideals
• - Animate the vision

• - Connect to what's meaningful to others
• - Take pride in being unique
• - Align your dream with the people's dream

• - Use symbolic language
• - Create images of the future
• - Practice positive communication
• - Express your emotions
• - Speak genuinely

• - Find Your Voice
• - Affirm Shared Values

• - Let your values guide you
• - Say it with your own words
• - Find commitment through clarifying values

• - Give people reasons to care
• - Forge unity, don't force it

• - Live the Shared Values
• - Teach Others to Model the Values

• - Spend you time and attention wisely
• - Watch your language
• - Ask purposeful questions
• - Seek feedback

• - Confront critical incidents
• - Tell stories
• - Reinforce through systems and processes

• - Imagine the Possibilities
• - Find a Common Purpose

• - Reflect on your past
• - Attend to the present
• - Prospect the future
• - Express your passion

• - Listen deeply to others
• - Make it a cause for commitment
• - Look forward in times of rapid change

• - Seize the Initiative
• - Exercise Outsight

• - Make something happen
• - Encourage initiative in others
• - Challenge with purpose

• Generate small wins
• Learn from experience

• Build psychological hardiness
• Break it down and accentuate progress

• Be an active listener
• Create a climate for learning
• Strengthen resilience and grit

• Create a Climate of Trust
• Facilitate Relationships

• Invest in trust
• Be the first to trust
• Show concern for others
• Share knowledge and information

• Develop cooperative goals and roles
• Support norms and reciprocity
• Structure projects to promote joint effort
• Encourage face-to-face and durable interactions

• Enhance Self-determination
• Develop Competence and Confidence

• Provide choices
• Structure jobs to offer latitude
• Foster accountability

• Educate and share information
• Organize work to build competence and ownership
• Foster self-confidence
• Coach

• Expect the Best
• Personalize Recognition

• Show them you believe
• Be clear about goals and rules
• Provide and seek feedback

• Get to know constituents
• Be creative about incentive
• Just say thank you

• Create a Spirit of Community
• Be Personally Involved

• Celebrate accomplishments in public
• Provide social support
• Have fun together

• Show you care
• Spread the stories
• Make celebrations part of organizational life

People who experience a high degree of stress and yet can cope with it in a positive manner

• Commitment
• Control
• Challenge