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Draw resilience bowling ball diagram
bowling ball
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resilience
- the ability of a system to deal with disturbance (cope, adapt, mitigate with stress and external shocks, change)
- roots are ecological - descriptive definitions (positivist viewpoint)
- normative (vague and ambiguous - hard to generalize)
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complexity
- most ecosystems and environmental problems are not simple to understand/manage
- behave in non-linear ways
- "whole is more than the sum of the parts"
- multiple interactions and feedback loops between various attributes of the system
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Uncertainty - 3 kinds
- unpredictability
- incomplete knowledge
- multiple knowledge forms
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social-ecological systems (Berkes + Folke)
social-ecological systems are linked systems of humans and nature, emphasizing humans must be seen as a part of, not apart from, nature
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Panarchy
- conceptual framework: accounts for the stability and change characteristics of complex systems
- interactions bw economic growth and human development depend on ecosystems and institutions, how they interact
- flows between systems, some fast, some slow
- different scales (ex. global forces vs local forces)
- how do the dynamics of one system affect the dynamics of another?
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tension bw two stereotypes of 'communities' in the literature
- 1. rural/poor/uneducated, will create a tragedy of the commons
- 2. ecological Indian
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Gadgil et al. 3 case studies for community resource management
- Lake Racken in Sweden
- Hudson's Bay Bioregion in Canada
- People's Science Movement in India
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traditional knowledge in terms of conservation
- based on generations of oral tradition
- integrated (social, economic, cultural, ecological)
- strong spiritual foundation
- embedded in values of stewardship
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Academic defn of traditional knowledge
- cumulative body of knowledge/practices/beliefs evolving by adaptive processes
- handed down through generations by cultural transmission about relationship of living beings (incl. humans) with one another and with their environment (Berkes)
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egg diagram layers
- (outside)
- worldview (beliefs)
- institutions
- land and resource management systems
- local knowledge
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two sides in the debate around community conservation
- communities create conservation problems (poor = short-term maximizers, leads to environmental degradation)
- communities as victirms of poor management (closer to resource, bear greatest burden of unsustainable practices
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communities as catalysts and leaders of conservation
- communities tend to catalyze conservation efforts under these conditions
- face environmental degradation of a threat
- possess/have strong sense of place, permanence
- have strong social networks, engaged in civil society
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how are social and ecological systems related?
- population dynamics(population-carrying capacity) (no malthus
- ecological impact (degradation/loss = relcamation
- risk (vulnerability - risk reclamation)
- resource dependency: (production, conception)
- resouce dependency (production, consumption
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Hazards and Vulnerability Venn Diagram
draw it
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resource curse
paradox that countries/communities with an abundance of natural resources (ex. fossil fuels, certain minerals) tend to have less economic growth, less democracy, worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources
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HEP
- Human Exceptionalism Paradigm (anthropocentric sociology, study of human relationships)
- humans the central element of the universe
- progress = mastering/controlling the nature
- faith in technology
- nature = unlimited resources
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NEP
- New Ecological Paradigm (Environmental Sociology, society/environment relationships)
- humans are a part of the ecobiosystem
- human actions upon nature produce many (un)intended consequences that shape social life
- nature has bio/physical limits that constrain and shape economic/social development
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Ludwig et al. (1993) four points that lead to the consistency in resource exploitation over time?
- 1. wealth/prospect of wealth generates political and social power that is used to promote unlimited exploitation of resources
- 2. scientific understanding/consensus hampered by the lack of controls + replicates, so each new problem involves learning about a new system
- 3. complexity of the underlying biological and physical systems prevents a reductionist approach to management (optimum levels of exploitation must be determined by trial and error)
- 4. large levels of natural variability mask the effects of overexploitation. initial overexploitation isn't detectable until it is severe, sometimes irreversible
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