Antioxidants, cobalamin, folic acid

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From least to most reactive what are the AOs
- Singlet O2
- Superoxide radical anion
- peroxyl radical (from Hydrogen peroxide)
- lipid peroxyl radical (from lipid peroxides)
- hydroxyl radical
what is active oxygen and what are the species of AO

active oxygen are free radicals that can damage DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
what is singlet oxygen
- a free radical that does oxidative cellular damage.
what is a superoxide radical anion
- shortlived free radical that can be converted to hydrogen peroxide, peroxyl, and hydroxyl radical.
- Not as toxic
what is hydroxyl radical
- produced from hydrogen peroxide.
- Is the most reactive AO species causing damage to all four classes of biomolecules
what is peroxyl radical
what is lipid peroxyl radical
- when a free radical (R) is formed it can react with a lipid to form a lipid radical, which in turn reacts with oxygen to form a lipid peroxyl radical (ROO)
What are the antioxidant vitamins (3)
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin E
- Carotenoids (Vit A)
what is Vitamin C

a vitamin antioxidant that is converted to oxalic acid (free radical) and react directly to AO such as singlet oxygen (O2) where it is excreted in the urine (water soluble)
what type of disease is associated with deficiency in vitamin C

scurvy
what type of condition is associated with increased oxalic acid production

kidney stones
what free radical is converted from Vitamin E and how is it an antioxidant

converts to a-tocopherol which transfered hydrogen atom to lipid peroxyl radical, forming a stable species that is recycled back to vitamin E
what disease is associated with deficiency in vitamin E
- anemia
- neurologic disorders
what disease is associated with toxicity of vitamin E
- interferes with Vitamin K metabolism
- blood coagulation disorders
What is the function of carotneoids (vitamin A)

binds to singlet oxygen O2 and gets rid of them
what happens if you have vitamin A toxicity?

harmless yellowing of palms and soles of feet
what are hematopoietic vitamins
- vitamins necessary for RBC division
- deficiency may lead to anemia
what are two kinds of hematopoietic vitamins
- folic acid
- cobalamin (B12)
what is the function of folic acid
Why is it necessary
what is the source
- a hematopoietic vitamin necessary for synthesis of pyrimidines in DNA (RBC division)
- function: carrier of one carbon unit. involved in methylation
- deficiency: will result to impaired DNA biosynthesis
- Intake: found in all foods or supplements for pregnant women to reduce neural tube defects in newborns
why cobalamin (B12) necessary

synthesis for pyrimidines in DNA. necessary for RBC division
describe the structure of cobalamin
- consists of cobalt (metal), a ring system and a nucleotide
- function: carrier of one carbon unit
what is the source for cobalamin (B12)

must be synthesized by microorganisms found in animal tissue or foods bacterially fermented
what occurs if there is deficiency in cobalamin (B12)
- impaired DNA biosynthesis
- anemia
- reduced RBC division