-
what are macronutrients and micronutrients
- macronutrients (energy providing): proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
- micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, trace elements
-
what are essential nutrients
- substance required for everyone at every age group
- proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals
-
what are desirable nutrients
- nutrients that benefit certain individuals under specific conditions depending age, pregnancy or disease
- fiber, antioxidants, omega 3 fatty acids
-
what is malnutrition
- obesity: excess caloric intake
- risk: cardiovascular disease, hypertension diabetes
-
what is nutritional imbalance
- overconsumption of one or more nutrients
- risk: L-tryptophan
-
what is undernutrition
- protein calorie malnutrition: inadequate nourishment
- risk: starvation
- Kwashiorkor: low protein diet, usually based on corn
- risk: failure to thrive and develop
-
how many Kcal/g does carbohydrate provide
4 Kcal/g
-
what are the examples for carbohydrates
- starch - in plants
- glycogen - in animals
in the human diet, sucrose, and lactose are the most important available dietary carb
-
what are unavailable carbohydrates
fiber: a complex plant material formed from cellulose, lignin, and pectins that resist digestion in the human body
-
how much calories does protein provide
4kcal/g
-
what are essential amino acids
- amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and only obtained from the diet
- Arg
- His
- Ile
- Leu
- Lys
- Met
- Phe
- Thr
- Trp
- Val
-
what are non essential amino acids
can be synthesized by the body
-
what is the "ideal protein"
a protein with an amino acid composition that provides the exact balance of amino acids required for the normal adult
-
what is the biological value of a protein
- measure of the ability of a protein to provide essential amino acids to tissues
- ability to be successfully digested
-
what are the types of lipids
- triaclyglycerols
- fatty acids
- cholesterol
- 9kcal/g
-
what is a triacylglycerol and how much energy is produced
- 9 kcal/g
- body's main energy source and is stored in adipose cells
-
What are non essential fatty acids and name examples
- synthesized in the body
- saturated :animal lipids, red meat
- unsaturated fatty acids:plant lipids, canola, olive oil
- trans fatty acids: unsaturated fatty acids that have been saturated (hydrogenated)
-
what are essential fatty acids and give examples
- fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and are unsaturated bonds between carbon 9 and methyl terminus
- linoleic aicd
- a-linileic acid
- arachidonic acid
-
What are omega 3 fatty acids
an essential fatty acid found in fish oils. Associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease and cancer
-
what are phospholipids
found in cell membranes
-
what is cholesterol
- a steroid that is important for the structure of cell membranes. Is the substrate for bile acids and steroid hormones.
- non essential fatty acid. Not found in plants
-
what is ethanol how much energy does it provide
- The fourth macromolecule. 90% of ethanol is metabolized in the liver through oxidation.
- 7Kcal/g
- Risk: excess consumption are deposited as fat. At high doses (>50% of calories) leads to weight loss, vitamin deficiencies, interference with metabolic pathways, reduced liver function
-
what is the coenzyme and function of Niacin (B3)
- Coenzyme: NAD;NADP
- function: electron transfer for oxidative reduction reactions
-
what is the coenzyme and function of thiamin (B1)
- coenzyme: TPP
- function: oxidative decarbodylation
-
what is the coenzyme and function of riboflavin (B2)
- coenzyme: FAD;FMN
- function: electron transfer
-
what is the coenzyme and function of patothenic acid
- coeznyme: coenzyme A
- function: acyl transfer
-
what is the coenzyme and function of pyridoxal (B6)
- coenzyme: pyridoxal P
- function: transamination, decarbodylation glycogenolysis
-
what is the coenzyme and function of biotin
- coenzyme: none
- function: Co2 transfer
-
what is the coenzyme and function of cobalamin (B12)
- enzyme: methlcobalamin
- function: methylation of homocysteine
-
what is the coenzyme and function of folic acid
- coenzyme: none
- function: one carbon transfer
-
what is the coenzyme and function of ascorbic acid
- coenzyme: none
- function: antioxidant
-
what is the process for absorption and transport of water soluble vitamins
- purpose: to convert vitamins to usable forms
- absorbed in intestinal cell (enterocyte)
- links to binding protein
- conversion to transport form as it transfers from enterocyte to plasma
- transported from plasma to target tissues
-
what are vitamins of carbohydrates and nitrogen metabolism
- coenzymes: organic co-factors (vitamins)
- niacin (B3), riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxal (B6) are water soluble energy releasing vitamins
-
How does NAD+ work as an electron carrier
 - NAD+: oxidized
- NADH: reduced
-
in what metabolic pathways are does the oxidation reduction of NAD+ to NADPH
- glycolysis
- citric acid
- respiratory chain
- amino acid metabolism
-
what are the dietary sources of niacin (NAD+)
most animal and plant food
-
what is the metabolic source of NAD+
tryptophan converts to NAD+
-
How does FAD work as an electron carrier
-
- Left - FAD "oxidized"
- right - FAD2 "reduced"
-
what metabolic pathways is oxidation reduction of FAD found in
- amino acid deamination
- purine degradation
- citric acid cycle
- fatty acid oxidation
-
what are the dietary sources of riboflavin
-
what are the metabolic sources of FAD
not sythesized by mammals
-
what metabolic pathways involve pyridoxal, Pyridoxine and Pyridoxamine
- glycogenolysis
- transamination
- decarboxylation
-
what are the dietary sources of Vitamin B6
|
|
