Anatomy Lab Exercise `

Type of transport that does not require energy. The cell membrane only "scans" materials entering the cell.

Cell membrane does some type of activity. Energy, usually ATP, is required to move materials across a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Movement of one solute in a single direction. Uniporters rely on passive transport as they do not need energy to function. Involved in facilitated diffusion can be ion channels or carrier proteins.

Movement of two solutes in the same direction at the same time (cotransporter) because one cannot enter the cell without the other. Facilitated diffusion coupled with active transport.

Two solutes move in opposite directions; involved in secondary active transport.

The process by which the cell membrane engulfs a substance from outside the cell.

The process by which vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the outside of the cell.

Primary - the energy is derived directly from the breakdown of ATP. 

Secondary - energy is derived secondarily from the involves the coupling the molecule with another moving along an electrochemical.

The process by which substances pass through the cell membrane without an intermediary / nothing moves along the concentration gradient.

A process by which molecules of a solvent pass through a semi-permeable membrane to an area of higher concentration to achieve equilibrium.

Passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient guided by the presence of another molecule, usually the integral protein.

its digestive enzymes enter the membrane capsule and destroy thus assisting in the process of destroying an old cell

• Rough ER - flattened sacks with ribosomes which create proteins. also responsible for packaging the proteins. transfers molecules to and from the nucleus. 
• Smooth ER - tubular; no ribosomes 
• engulfs the material that is to be destroyed in the process of destroying an old cell. storage area for lipids and steroids and releases them when the cell needs them.

• capsule, round or oval shape and contain cristae
• produces energy through cellular respiration

• two membranes perforated by large openings, or nuclear pores
• holds the DNA of the cell

• a hollow cylinder with regulatory end caps 
• ubiquitin-tagged protein molecule unfolds as it enters the cap then breaks down in peptide chains which are then broken down into amino acids that will be recycled by the cell

• shrinking of cells
• as a function of age it will cause wrinkles

• swelling of cells
• can potentially cause tumors

• larger cells divide and create too many cells
• possibly causing tumors

abnormal development or expansion of cells in a localized area

• enzymes are made to break down cell
• microvilli and cell junctions are lost and nuclear DNA condenses and is broken down 
• cell becomes apoptotic bodies and nucleus is fragmented
• apoptotic bodies can then be digested by adjacent cells, extracellular enzymes or nearby phagocytic cells

left and right hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, left and right lumbar regions, umbilical region, left and right iliac region and hypogastric region

• inside cells cause external respiration
• organ to organ

• One cell impacts nearby cells
• within tissues/organs

nearby cells sense apoptosis and secrete necessary enzymes in response to it

Mitosis

• Prophase - chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope (membrane) breaks down. Animal cells: centrioles move to opposite poles and spindles form.
• Metaphase - spindle fibers attach to centromeres of sister chromatids. sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate, the center of the cell.
• Anaphase - sister chromatids separate and centromeres divide. by the end of anaphase each pole has its own set of chromosomes. 
• Telophase - chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. spindles break down and new nuclear envelope forms. (preparation to direct metabolic activity for the new cell)