Unit5(InfectionControl)

The establishment & growth of a microorganism on or in a host

refers to the policies followed by heath care workers that help prevent the spread of disease

are those acquired in the course of medical care

nosocomial infections has increased over the past few decades, why?

(Main factors that increase the chance of nosocomial infection:)

Other patients that have diseases, visitors, contaminated food or medical equipment, the air circulation, & the medical personnel who care for the patient

(Main factors that increase the chance of nosocomial infection:)

The type of drugs the patient is taking. Although certain drugs help kill infections, they may alter the normal flora within the body or depress the immune system. This leads to a decreased resistance to other type s of hospital germs.

(Main factors that increase the chance of nosocomial infection:)

Instruments & equipment that have not been adequately cleaned & sterilized

(Main factors that increase the chance of nosocomial infection:)

Microorganisms transmitted through medical procedures if correct technique not used

(The ability to resist infection depends on the following factors:)

The very young who have immature immune systems & the elderly who have immune systems that are less efficient, both have difficulty in fighting off infection

(The ability to resist infection depends on the following factors:)

Genetic factors & congenital conditions make individuals more or less resistant to infection

(The ability to resist infection depends on the following factors:)

Inadequate nutrient intake or an over abundance of intake (obesity), decrease resistance to infection

(The ability to resist infection depends on the following factors:)

Physiological & psychological stress increase certain hormone (cortisone) production, thereby lowering resistance to infection

(The ability to resist infection depends on the following factors:)

Lack of sleep and/or exercise decrease blood circulation & lowers resistance to infection

(The ability to resist infection depends on the following factors:)

Those with chronic conditions such as diabetes & heart disease are at a greater risk for infection, as are those not immunized

(The ability to resist infection depends on the following factors:)

Persons with broken skin, burns, or who have had trauma are more susceptible to infection, as are those who have a suppressed immune system due to medication

(The ability to resist infection depends on the following factors:)

Smoking, drug & alcohol use, & certain sexual practices all affect the ability of the body to fight off infection

is a tiny form of life found in the environment & within all living things (plants, animals, & humans).

Microorganisms that cause disease are called

Main types of pathogens

Microscopic one-celled organisms with a typical nucleus

bacteria that can survive in an oxygen environment

bacteria that cannot survive in an oxygen environment

Beneficial bacteria

- Tuberculosis (TB)
- Streptococcal (strep infections)
- Staphylococcal (wound infections)
- Salmonella (food poisoning)
- Gonorrhea & syphilis (venereal diseases)
- Tetanus (lockjaw)

Smallest, microscopic non-cellular organisms

Do viruses contain DNA, RNA, or Both?

Must invade a host cell to survive & reproduce

process of virus

- Common cold (rhinovirus)
- Influenza (flu)
- Measles (rubeola)
- Mumps (parotitis)
- Rubella (German measles)
- Hepatitis A, B, C, D, & E
- HIV (causes AIDS)
- HSV I (cold sores)
- HSV II (genital herpes

Multicellular (molds) or one-celled organisms (yeasts) with a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles

Mold:
Aspergillus (allergic reactions & asthma)
Yeast:
Candida Albicans (vaginal/intestinal yeast infection or in the mouth - "thrush")
Dimorphic:
Histoplasmosis (fungus contracted from bird & bat droppings & in soil)
Tinea (ringworm) & tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

Organisms that live on or in a host organism and get their food from or at the expense of the host

three main classes of parasites that can cause disease in humans:

One-celled complex microorganisms that have mobility through:
Pseudopod formation – part of cell presses forward & the rest follows
Flagella – whip-like projections (like a tail)
Cilia – small, delicate hair-like projections

- Malaria (fever; spread by mosquitoes)
- Giardiasis (intestinal; contaminated H2O & feces)
- Toxoplasmosis (“Cat Scratch Fever”; flu-like symptoms; dangerous in pregnancy; animal feces & contaminated food & H2O )

Parasitic worms:
- Flatworms & roundworms
- Found primarily in human intestinal tract

- Enterobiasis (pinworm; feces)
- Trichinosis (contaminated H2O & undercooked meat such as pork, bear, horse, venison)
- Diphyllobothrium latum (tapeworm; contaminated food or H2O

Organisms such as ticks, fleas, lice, and mites that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time (e.g., weeks to months)

- Scabies (mites - itching & rash)
- Lice (head & pubic – the “crabs”)
- Lyme disease (ticks – rash, muscle aches, fever)

Mutated form of a normal protein found mostly in the central nervous system (Do not contain DNA or RNA)

- Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) which are fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals & humans
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob ("Mad-Cow") disease is the most common disease resulting from infection with prions. It is transmitted to humans by eating infected meat.

ability to cause disease

ability to grow & multiply with speed

ability to enter tissues

attraction to a particular host

A "_____" or environment for the microbes to live & multiply - living or not: human, animal, plant, water, food earth.

A person who serves as a reservoir is called a "_____".

4 means of infection transmission are?

an infected person directly touches another or their blood & body fluids (shaking hands, kissing, sexual intercourse, or being injected with their blood)

a person touches objects (fomites) contaminated by an infected person (clothing, dishes, utensils, surgical dressings or instruments)

pathogens come in contact with the eyes, nose or mouth of a person through a cough, sneeze, & when talking (can travel 3-5 feet!)

a person inhales residue from evaporated droplets of diseased microorganisms

are protein chemical markers that identify cells.

are proteins produced by B cells (a particular type of lymphocyte/WBC) in response to foreign antigens.

is when our body produces its own antibodies.

is when antibodies are received from another person or animal.