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Order of instruments on standard orchestral score.
flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba, percussion, harp, strings
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The four instrumental groups in the orchestral.
woodwinds, brass, percussion, strings
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Names of open strings of instruments in string section.
- violin - GDAE
- viola - CGDA
- cello - CGDA
- bass - EADG
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Ranges (practical or commonly used according to Kennan – these are the black notes in his range charts) of instruments in string section (using the convention middle C = C4.)
- violin - G3-B6
- viola - C3-C6
- cello - C2-C5
- bass - E1-A3
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Clefs used by instruments in string section.
- violin - treble
- viola - alto, treble
- cello - tenor, bass, treble
- bass - bass
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Transpositions used by instruments in string section.
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Names of parts of string instruments and bows.
scroll, peg box, nut, neck, fingerboard, f hole, bridge, tailpiece, chin rest, endpoint, tip, frog
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According to the author's examples, the most practical intervals used in quadruple stops.
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The overtone series up to the 10th partial.
C2, C3, G3, C4, E4, G4, Bb4, C5, D5, E5
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Legato
group of notes slurred together, on the string
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detache
each note is bowed separately, on the string
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martele
the bow begins and remains on the string, moving quickly and stopping abruptly at the end of each stroke
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slurred staccato
a series of notes taken with a separate push for each note in the same bow
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loure
two or more notes are taken in one bow, with separate pressure on each note
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spiccato
light bow stroke where the bow bounces off the string, taking one note to each bow
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staccato volante
the bow picks up a series of short notes, similar to slurred staccato
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jete
the bow bounces on the string very rapidly with a down-bow stroke in such a way as to sound a group of repeated notes
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successive down bows
creates a vigorous or savage effect
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Successive up bows
delicate effect at softer dynamic levels
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unmeasured tremolo
the bow is moved back and forth over the string as rapidly as possible, produces excitement or ethereal effect
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measured tremolo
definite number of repeated notes, the number being shown by the notation
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fingered tremolo
one finger remains fixed on the lower of 2 notes while another finger alternately plays and releases the upper note very rapidly.
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sul tasto
playing over the fingerboard, sound is softer and less resonant
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sul ponticello
at or near the bridge, sound is glassy and eerie in quality
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con legno
with the back of the bow, striking the string with the wood or drawing the wood across the strings
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scratch tone
bow hair flat against the strings while pressure is exerted, raspy tone
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snap pizzicato
string is plucked so that it rebounds against the fingerboard
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nail pizzicato
use the fingernail rather than the fingertip to pluck the string
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plectrum pizzicato
string is plucked with a guitar pick
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guitar pizzicato
strings are stroked gently by the thumb or several fingers
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pizzicato roll
plucking the string with 2 or more fingers alternately
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molto vibrato
use more vibrato than normal
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return to usual method of performance
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glissando
the finger slides along the string instead of stopping each note separately
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portamento
same as glissando
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scordatura
tune one of the strings higher or lower than usual
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sul A, D, etc
string that is to be used to play a natural harmonic
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Natural harmonics (technique and notation – two ways.)
touch a string at a specified interval to create a harmonic, notated as either a note with a small circle over it OR a diamond-shaped note
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Artificial harmonics (technique and notation.)
the string is pressed and touched at an interval of a 4th to create any harmonic note, notated as a note with a hollow diamond-shaped note at a 4th above
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muted
con sordina, avec sourdine
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without mute
senza sordina, hotel la sourdine
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at the bridge
sul ponticello, ser le chevalet
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over the fingerboard
sul tasto, sur la touche
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with the wood of the bow
con legno, ave le bis
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The fingerings and notes of 1st position for violin.
- G/D string 0-3, 3-5, 4-6, 6-8
- A/E string 0-3, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8
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