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Interviewing and Counseling Exam 1

  1. What changes were made in the 20th century that now turned "helpers" into "clinicians"?
    • Increased Education
    • Increased Training
    • Licensing Requirements
  2. This helps to shed light on the importance of traditional healers
    Cross-cultural psychology/transcultural psychology
  3. These are gifted neighbors and community members to whom many people turn for advice, consolation, and concrete resources
    indigenous helpers
  4. What is a clinician's purpose and focus guided by?
    assessment
  5. What aspects of the client must a clinician intentionally focus on?
    • their story
    • their strengths
    • their needs
    • their goals
  6. What type of goals should be created in clinical interviews?
    Overall and individual session goals
  7. How is clinical interviewing informed?
    theory
  8. What is a systematic set of principles used to understand and explain observable phenomena?
    theory
  9. What influences the goals and purpose of the interview, and how the clinician responds and listens to the client's story?
    the theoretical stance of the clinician
  10. What are some theory examples?
    • Cognitive
    • Behavioral
    • Psychodynamic
    • Family systems
    • Crisis Intervention
    • Person-centered
  11. What is incorporating science into practice?
    Scientist/practitioner model
  12. What helps us to better understand the biological influences of mental and emotional states?
    Brain imaging
  13. What is demonstrated to be effective with particular problems and populations?
    EST (Empirically Supported Treatments)
  14. What practice is based on results of research, more than models or techniques?
    EBP (Evidence-Based Practice)
  15. What do clients bring to the process?
    • their story
    • their history
    • their traditions 
    • their coping skills
    • their strengths
  16. What do clinicians bring to the process?
    • Special knowledge of human behavior
    • Psychology theory
    • Communication skills
    • The effects of sociopolitical issues on mental health
  17. What are used to describe the participants in a clinical interview?
    labels
  18. What are four things labels may do?
    • designate a discipline
    • capture roles and tasks of particular groups of clinicians
    • designate a specialization within a discipline
    • designate people with whom clinicians work
  19. What is the first task in a structered interview?
    To develop and maintain a warm, trustful, and collaborative relationship in which clients feel comfortable sharing and elaborating their stories
  20. What is a working agreement that specifies things such as participants, purpose, goals, roles, expectations, techniques, time, structure, and cost of care?
    Contracts
  21. Contracts should be...
    • Mutually developed
    • Tailored to a client's style, needs, and language
    • Realistic/attainable
    • Flexible/open to negotiation
  22. What is mutuality?
    When the interviews focus is not only on the client's need but also affected by the give-and-take of the relationship
  23. Who is held accountable for the effectiveness of relationship?
    Clinician
  24. What is the paradox of clinical work?
    Being genuine yet self-aware and deliberate at the same time
  25. When should you share personal information?
    If it forwards goals and after careful consideration of how it may affect the patient
  26. What increases our self-knowledge?
    Introspection
  27. What may give us a clue into what emotions the client brings out in others?
    Our reactions
  28. What should be evaluated?
    • The effectiveness of the specific focus, activities, techniques, and uses of self
    • The relationship itself 
    • The progress and process note, audio, and video recordings
  29. What stresses the obligation to the client?
    Ethics
  30. What is a system of values, beliefs and assumptions about how the universe operates and how people behave toward one another?
    Worldview
  31. What means "every member of an interaction influences and is influenced by the others"?
    Reciprocal influence
  32. What means "events in complex systems exist as both causes and effects of each other"?
    Circular causality
  33. What means "differing views about how things are, how they got that way, and how they ought to be"?
    Multiple realities
  34. What are aspects in the RE-VIEW Practice Method? Explain each one.
    • Read 
    • Explore
    • View 
    • Implement the skills 
    • Evaluate performance together
    • Watch yourself
    • Practice, practice, practice
  35. What is the purpose of the RE-VIEW Practice Method?
    to go from being an unprofessional natural helper into a professional clinician
  36. What are the five main concepts to consider when trying to become a professional clinician?
    • Spontaneous to Intentional
    • Working under a microscope
    • No one "right" answer
    • Learning from mistakes
    • Identify and appropriately deal with strong feelings
  37. Explain what "Spontaneous to Intentional" means
    Develop awareness of yourself, the client, the work, the environment. Observe, evaluate, and modify clinical actions & be client-centered and goal oriented.
  38. Explain "Working under a microscope".
    Being constantly observed by supervisors/teachers may cause worry and doubt in your abilities, but it is essential to ensuring effective service to clients
  39. Explain "No one 'right' answer"
    There is a lot of ambiguity and conflicting beliefs that you will encounter. Understand other methods and beliefs will help you cater to the diverse individual needs of each of your clients
  40. Explain "Learning from mistakes"
    mistakes happen! Use them as moments to reflect for improvement
  41. What is central to effective intervention?
    the clinical relationship
  42. What are characteristics for developing effective clinical relationships?
    • warm & caring
    • a good listener
    • accepting & nonjudgemental 
    • genuine
    • empathetic
    • compassionate
    • respectful
    • culturally sensitive 
    • self-aware
  43. What theory states that people grow through their connection with others; relationships must be understood within the context of our social and cultural identities?
    Relational Control Theory
  44. What is the reciprocal caring and attending & feeling understood that leads to mutual empowerment?
    mutual empathy
  45. What is the quality and strength of the collaborative relationship?
    Working alliance
  46. How does the working alliance develop?
    • Through partnership and mutuality
    • Active participation in developing tasks, goals, methods, and evaluation of work together
  47. What is spotting and verbally addressing our mistakes with patients and making amends?
    Relational tending
  48. These kinds of people believe that there is something essential/innate/biological about race and ethnicity? Give an example.
    • Essentialists
    • racial differences in intelligences
  49. What is how we see ourselves and how people see us?
    self-identity
  50. What is acculturation?
    which culture you identify with
  51. What is an example of "salience of identity"?
    when a minority may not feel like a minority when they are surrounded by people like them, but may feel like one when they are surrounded by white people

    varies over time and circumstances
  52. What are unearned advantages/benefits given to a person because of membership in a particular cultural group?
    privilege
  53. What is a fixed, oversimplified images of members of a group?
    Stereotype
  54. What is a positive or negative bias, poorly informed opinions, or unjustified assumptions about individuals who belong to a certain group or fit into a particular category?
    Prejudice
  55. What is an unfair treatment of people because of prejudice?
    Discrimination
  56. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?
    prejudice is an attitude, whereas discrimination is a behavior
  57. What are the multicultural guidelines we need to engage in as professionals?
    • 1. Be aware of own ethnic, gender, and culture heritage - our negative & positive reactions to the values and traditions of other groups and how it affects our worldview
    • 2. Acquire knowledge about the cultures and customs of the clients with whom we work
    • 3. Use self-awareness and knowledge to create flexible strategies for intervention that are effective + congruent with patients values
  58. What establishes principles and standards of conduct that elucidate the values of the profession?
    Professional code of ethics
  59. How many ethical violations does the APA have?
    89
  60. What are some ethical dilemmas?
    • two sections of an ethical code are at odds
    • agency/institutional policies conflict with the ethics code
    • the law and ethical codes differ
    • the clinician's moral values prevent compliance with an ethical code
  61. What are multiple relationships?
    • may involve professional or personal roles
    • occurs when a clinician socializes with his/her patient
  62. What are some of the dangers of multiple relationships?
    it can harm and exploit patients and impair professional judgement
  63. How long does the ACA and APA make clinicians technically wait before they are able to engage in sexual relations with a former patient?
    • ACA - 5 years
    • APA - 2 years
  64. What helps patients disclose intimate, sensitive, and potentially shameful information?
    confidentiality
  65. When must clinicians breech confidentiality?
    • to prevent serious foreseeable and imminent harm to the patient or another identifiable person
    • Subpoena/court order
    • insurance reporting
    • abuse or neglect of vulnerable populations
  66. What is the legal protection of confidentiality that protects against forced disclosure during a legal proceeding of confidential information?
    Privileged information
  67. What are 8 characteristics an interview environment should have?
    • 1. Private and soundproof
    • 2. Accessible to persons with disabilities 
    • 3. Flexible allowing for personal space
    • 4. Should reflect equality and respect
    • 5. Should have moveable, easily accessible furniture
    • 6. Should be able to accommodate unexpected others
    • 7. Should be analyzed from the client perspective
    • 8. Should be considerate of other needs of clients
  68. When should you ask the client about accommodations? Why?
    At the point of intake because it shows that you are considering the needs of clients
  69. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of home visits?
    • adv. - gives an expanded perspective of your client
    • disadv. - its an unfamiliar environment for the clinician 
    • its not a controlled setting
    • the clinician can be viewed as guest/outsider
    • social rituals
  70. What are services to clients using any Internet-based sources of communication, such as email, video conferencing, virtual reality platforms, and Internet-based tests or exercises?
    online clinical services
  71. What is the perception of the client based on the client's values, beliefs, and personal background in the larger social, cultural, and familial context?
    clinician persona
  72. Which experiment identified pseudo-psychiatric patients that faked schizophrenia?
    David Rosenhan study (1973)
  73. What is are negative assumptions/biases attached to people because of their membership to a particular group?
    stigmas
  74. What refers to the client's react to information about the clinician, and their reactions are affected by their values, beliefs, and background?
    Clients persona
  75. What is the ability to immerse oneself in another's experience and to imagine the feelings of that person in that situation?
    Anticipatory Empathy
  76. What are some of the influential factors?
    location, people present, motivation of all participants, purpose of meeting, and time availability
  77. What requires clinicians to provide clients with a notice of privacy practice about the use and disclosure of protected health information?
    Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)
  78. What are some of the client right and responsibility?
    • they can see records
    • receive information about available treatments
    • treated with respect
    • informed about procedures
    • benefits
    • risks
  79. What are the different types of opening lines?
    Focal and Nondirective
  80. Which type of opening line offers an initial framework guideline that lend structure to the process
    Focal opening lines
  81. What opening line provides less information, giving the client a greater opportunity to set the agenda, pace, focus, and tone?
    Nondirective opening lines
  82. What should be discussed during the greeting/welcoming?
    • 1. Introduction 
    • 2. Confidentiality and limits
    • 3. Patient rights and responsibilities (HIPAA)
    • 4. Begin gathering data
  83. What should be included in your introduction?
    • 1. How the patient would like to be addressed
    • 2. Clarify your role
    • 3. Deciding whether to use a formal or informal opening
    • 4. Clarify the reason for meeting and time availability
  84. When should a clinician use focal opening lines?
    • 1. When the client is new to talking with a professional
    • 2. When a client is confused, overwhelmed, or scattered
  85. Why should a clinician use nondirective opening lines?
    1. It allows you to assess the client's skills in organizing, communicating and relating to you and the tasks
  86. What should you remember when utilizing "focused attending"?
    • SOLER
    • sit squarely 
    • open posture
    • lean forward
    • eye contact
    • relax
  87. What means "focused attention on everything going on in interview and relationship"?
    Clinical listening
  88. What are things to pay attention to in clinical listening?
    • What is said
    • How it is said
    • How the client feels about what they say
    • Themes
    • Patterns
  89. What can cause a clinician to misinterpret what is being said?
    • Lack of experience
    • Anxiety
    • Distraction
    • Countertransference
  90. What part of nonverbal communication is associated with body posture?
    Kinesics
  91. What refers to the use of direct or indirect communication?
    Proxemics
  92. What kind of messages do low context cultures send? Give an example.
    Direct messages, explicitly stated (Euro-Americans)
  93. What kind of messages do high context cultures send? Give an example.
    Indirect communication, implicit meanings (Asians)
  94. What refers to nonverbal cues that affirm or negate what is said verbally?
    Metacommunication
  95. When listening to a client's story, what should you be listening for?
    • Behaviors
    • Feelings
    • Context
    • Meanings of the stories
    • Thoughts and cognitive styles
  96. What refers to remaining calm and reliable with a relaxed, open posture and gaze?
    Clinical repose
  97. What enlarges our perspective and allows us to see and appreciate other perspectives?
    Clinical Work
  98. What does it mean to endorse and appreciate the realities of the client's stories?
    Validation
  99. What undercuts a sense of isolation or differentness?
    Universalizing
  100. What increases the sense of belonging, mattering, and enhances personal efficacy?
    affirmation
  101. This is an example of ____. 
    "It's amazing how much you've got done with almost no support."
    Affirmation
  102. This is an example of ____. 
    "Who wouldn't be nervous in a dark parking lot late at night?"
    Universalizing
  103. This is an example of ____. "I think it's wonderful that things are working out for you now, and, frankly, I think you deserve a little more support for your successes than is out there for you right now."
    Affirmation
  104. What is defined as understanding beliefs, intentions, or desires resulting from reasoning?
    Cognitive empathy
  105. What is defined as sharing sensations or emotion of another, I feel?
    Emotional empathy
  106. What is defined as self-soothing, calming your distress about another's situation to maintain the perspective of an outside observer to engage in helpful behaviors?
    Emotional regulation
  107. What are some ways that one can communicate empathy?
    • 1. Soothing sounds
    • 2. Mirroring 
    • 3. Empathetic echo
    • 4. Empathetic reflection of context
    • 5. Empathetic reflection of affect
  108. What refers to the use of careful reflection of a patient's behaviors, thoughts, affect, and meaning when trying to communicating empathy?
    empathic echo
  109. What refers to making statements that accurately reflect patient's statements when trying to communicate empathy?
    Empathic reflection of context
  110. What refers to making statements that may encompass a patient's feelings when trying to communicate empathy?
    empathic reflection of affect
  111. What are the two factors that contribute to diversity in America?
    • 1. Differential birthrates
    • 2.. Immigration
  112. What refers to the mimicking of behaviors and facial expressions when trying to communicate empathy?
    Mirroring
  113. Why should a clinician use empathy?
    • 1. It demonstrates support and caring
    • 2. It encourages self-disclosure 
    • 3. It builds working alliance
    • 4. It serves as a basis for clinical hunches
    • 5. It can be used to help clients gain a new perspective
  114. How can a clinician use empathy to help clients gain a new perspective?
    The clinician can reflect the meaning beneath the client's awareness - seeing clearly what patients only half say/hint at; things the client is scarcely aware of
  115. What is the meaning of multiple realities?
    Differing views about how things are, how they got that way, and how they ought to be
  116. What is the viewpoint or position one takes when envisioning oneself in relation to others and to the wider world.
    Perspective
  117. Which approach in psychology undergirds all effective clinical interventions and is concerned with well-being and optimal functioning, and aims to broaden the focus beyond suffering and its direct alleviation?
    Strengths Perspective (aka. Positive Psychology)
  118. Which approach in psychology emphasizes the centrality of client participation and self-determination; that clients should be directly involved in the processes and outcomes that they believe are the most empowering for themselves?
    Empowerment Perspective
  119. What approach in psychology informs our professional ethic of care; believes that we have the responsibility to work for a more equitable distribution of resources, rights, and opportunities for all people?
    Social Justice Perspective
  120. Which approach in psychology believes that clinicians must nourish structures and processes that encourage growth and development and oppose all forms of oppression and environmental degradation around the world?
    Social Justice Perspective
  121. What involves being familiar with various clinical theories; dividing theories into their conceptual constructs, assumptions, and hypothesis; understanding the history and context that inform these constructs; identifying common errors in reasoning; and evaluating their strengths, weaknesses, and practice implications?
    Critical Thinking
  122. What are some examples of empathic failures?
    • Piling it on 
    • Boilerplate empathy
    • Getting the facts wrong
    • Trivializing via excessive universalizing 
    • Mistaking personal sharing for empathy 
    • Not responding enough
  123. What does the term "boilerplate empathy" mean?
    generic statements
  124. What does "piling it on" refer to?
    having too many comments, too childlike in tone, too repetitious
  125. What is countertransference?
    Seeing patients as a figure from the past and treating them as such
  126. What is the gathering of initial information with questions, prompts, and probes?
    Exploration
  127. What means "encouraging the client to expand on and enrich the details of the story"?
    Elaboration
  128. What are the levels of exploration and elaboration?
    • Outer circle
    • Middle circle
    • Inner circle
  129. Describe the outer circle in exploration and elaboration.
    Surface level conversation
  130. Describe the middle circle in exploration and elaboration.
    Deeper level content, conflicts, and feelings
  131. Describe the inner level in exploration and elaboration.
    feelings/content about frightening, taboo, or shame-bound areas
  132. What level of exploration is this an example of? "What motivates you?"
    Outer circle
  133. What level of exploration is this an example of? "Can you tell me something about your work?"
    Outer-level
  134. What level of exploration is this an example of? "Where did you grow up?"
    Outer circle
  135. What level of exploration is this an example of? "What do you like to do on your free time?"
    Outer circle
  136. What level of exploration is this an example of? "It seems like this is difficult to talk about. What makes it so difficult?"
    Middle circle talk
  137. What level of exploration is this an example of? "You said that you were ashamed about your line of work. What about your work makes you feel ashamed?"
    Inner circle talk
  138. What level of exploration is this an example of? "Where do you think this hating to get after people comes from?"
    Inner circle
  139. What level of exploration is this an example of? "You mentioned things you like...are there things you don't like?"
    Middle circle talk
  140. What level of exploration is this an example of? "Can you tell me a bit more about that, I realized you started crying while we were discussing it."
    Middle circle talk
  141. What are the purposes of questioning?
    • 1. To gather information and build relationship
    • 2. To help the client have an intervention
  142. What means "help clients gain new perspectives, cope with feelings, come up with solutions for problem behaviors"?
    Intervention
  143. What are some common mistakes with questioning?
    • Delving too soon before establishing relationship or norms are clarified 
    • Use of too many questions
    • Use of too few questions
    • Use of a question with reluctant/mandated clients
  144. Why shouldn't use ask questions before establishing relationship or norms?
    It can come off as disrespectful or rude
  145. What causes a clinician to use too many questions?
    if they have mandatory forms to fill out or if they have lack of experience
  146. What causes a clinician to use to few questions?
    if the clinician is feeling intrusive or embarrassed
  147. What are some general principles in questioning?
    • 1. Wording matters
    • 2. It should be intentional
    • 3. It can be verbal and nonverbal
    • 4. Needs to be flexible 
    • 5. Can serve many purposes
  148. What are some problems with close-ended questions?
    • it gives little opportunity and encouragement to elaborate
    • reduces client to more of a respondent 
    • are often leading
    • sets up expectation that given answers, clinician will be able to solve client's problems 
    • dis-empowers client, clinician keeps initiative, encourages passivity
  149. What type of questions are actually directive or commands disguised?
    Pseudoquestions
  150. What type of questions involve asking the client to respond to more than one question at a time?
    Double questions
  151. What type of questions occur when a clinician is being nosy or does not have direction?
    Tangential questions
  152. What type of questioning involves rapid fire questioning?
    Rat-a-tat questioning
  153. Questioning technique that involves "considering other fruitful areas for further exploration"
    Initiating new topics
  154. Questioning technique that involves "returning client to desired topic by gently inserting it into the conversation again"
    Refocusing
  155. Questioning technique that involves "Reflecting content or affect to encourage continued discussion-usually one thing"
    Reflection
  156. Questioning technique that involves "Is sometimes the best way to encourage clients to tell their story ... use judiciously"
    Silence
  157. Questioning technique that involves "brief responses by clinician that encourage client to continue and elaborate"
    Prompts
  158. What are some important factors in questioning?
    • Sensitive timing
    • The state of the clinical relationship
    • Client's readiness to Explore Charged areas Client's cognitive capacity and expressive style
    • Informed and respectful process
    • Maintaining a not-knowing person
    • Sustaining techniques to cushion intensive exploration 
    • Appreciating and using resistance
    • Recognize when enough is enough
  159. What is it called when the clinician and the client work together to gather and analyze information about story and larger contextual or systems influences?
    Collaborative assessment
  160. When are formal clinical assessments typically used?
    For diagnosis, treatment planning, or research to determine eligibility for specialized services
  161. What do formal clinical assessments focus on?
    What problems, needs, or issues are motivating the client to seek help
  162. When do formal clinical assessments occur?
    at the start, middle, and end of work
  163. What are you assessing for in clinical assessments?
    • Strengths
    • Affect
    • Relationships
    • Context
    • Cognition 
    • Barriers to growth and development
  164. What are the methods of assessment?
    • 1. Interviews
    • 2. Observation
    • 3. Tests
    • 4. Life records
  165. What type of interview follows the lead of client
    Unstructured interviews
  166. What type of interview lists content areas that should be covered?
    Semi-structured interviews
  167. What type of interview uses standardized questions that are to be asked in a specific order?
    Structured interviews
  168. What method entails observing interactions in a halfway house, classroom, or school yard?
    Informal observation
  169. What method is used when the clinician defines target behavior, antecedents, and consequences?
    Formal observation
  170. Intelligence tests, personality tests, symptom checklists, neuropsychological tests, and medical tests are all a part of which kind assessment method?
    Tests
  171. What are records of patient's previous treatments, school records, previous written test reports?
    Life records
  172. What are some guidelines for assessment interviewing?
    • Discuss the assessment process
    • Ask how the client perceives the problem
    • Use basic counseling skills
    • Recognize cultural/familial factors affecting self-disclosure 
    • Assess clients social identities and context
    • Assess what's strong - not just whats wrong
    • Integrate spiritual and religious questions into assessment process
  173. What is the integration and analysis of assessment data?
    Case conceptualization
  174. What does SOAP notes stand for?
    • Subjective
    • Objective
    • Assessment 
    • Plan
  175. What are goals that patients want to stop doing referred to as?
    Negative goals
  176. What are goals that patients would like to achieve referred to as?
    Positive goals
  177. What is it called when major goals are broken down into components to make them seem more achievable?
    Partialize goals
  178. What is it called when goals are ranked in order of urgency or importance?
    Prioritize goals
  179. What means "selecting theoretical model that best explains assessment findings to identify covert and overt factors?
    Clinical judgement
  180. What are the different levels of inference? Explain each of them.
    • Low levels - stay close to date
    • Moderate levels - base hunches on correlations between one behavior and another
    • High levels - interpret through theoretical models
  181. The greater the ______, the higher level of inference.
    Speculation
  182. What is characterized by a deep and abiding belief in the capacity of human beings to grow and change in positive relationships and contexts that activate potentials and provide for the meeting of basic human needs?
    perspective
Author
notgonnafail
ID
342512
Card Set
Interviewing and Counseling Exam 1
Description
Ch. 1-7
Updated

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