OChem Ch 2

• The velocity or rate at which the concentrations of reactants and products change
• Speed at which a reaction goes to completion

• Changes in energy that take place when processes like chemical reactions occur
• Controls the extent to which a reaction goes to completion

• A transformation that yields the most stable products.
• Outcome determined by the net favorable change in energy in going from starting materials to products

A reaction in which the product obtained is the one formed fastest; may not be thermodynamically the most stable

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°

ΔG°: Release of energy

ΔH°: Enthalpy

T: Temperature in kelvin

ΔS°: Entropy

Increasing disorder correlates with an increase in the value of S

Heat absorbed or released at constant pressure during the course of the reaction.

ΔH = (energy of bonds broken) - (energy of bonds formed)

Heat-absorbing

Heat-releasing

• Describes the rxn progress over time
• 

Large value for K indicates that a reaction goes to completion

Maximum energy

Energy required to raise the energy of the starting compounds to the transition state

Proportionality constant; K

Rate depends on the concentration of only one reactant i.e A -> B

Rate depends on the concentrations of two molecules

Proton Donor

Proton Acceptor

Acid dissociation constant

pka= -log(ka)

Smaller pka=stronger acid=more stable CB

HCl, HBr, HI, H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄, HNO₃, H₃0⁺

LiOH, KOH, NaOH, NaOCH₃, Lone Pair on Atom

• 1) Electronegativity
• 2) Size
• 3) Resonance
• 4) Hybridization: more s character=more stable
• 5) Induction: stabilization through "sigma" bonds (dipole moments)

Unfilled orbitals or partial charges

• Lewis Acid: electron acceptor
• Lewis Base: electron donor

• Nucleus lover
• Base

• Electron lover
• Acid

• Straight Chain
• Branched
• Cycloalkanes
• 

• They are unreactive and non-bolar.
• They use London dispersion forces (weak) and van der waals interactions (weak)

They rotate around sigma bonds

Electron Repulsion in overlapping bonds

2 groups occupying the same space

Steric interaction of 2 groups 60° apart

2 Largest substituents on each C are 180°

The ones directly connected to the projection

When the two largest molecules are on top of each other

3 torsional strain and steric hinderance