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Explain Bronsted Lowry
- Acids donate H
- Bases accept H
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Explain Conjugate Pairs
- There is 1 proton difference.
- If the proton is removed, it is an acid
- If the proton is added, it is a base
- The one with the extra proton is the acid
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Properties of bases
- Metal oxides and hydroxides
- Ammonia
- soluble carbonates (Na2CO3)
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What is an alkali
Soluble bases that release OH in water
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Acid+ Base
Salt and water
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Ionization of water
- Water is neutral pH 7 at a specific temperature
- Kw= [H][OH]
- Thus, those two have an inverse relationship
- pH+pOH=14
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Differences between strong acids and weak acids
strong=more conductive, higher rate of reaction and lower pH
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Lewis acids and bases
- Lewis acid accepts a lone pair (transition metal)
- Lewis base donates a lone pair (ligand)
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What is nucleophile
Electron-rich that donates a lone pair (lewis base)
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What is electrophile
(electron deficient that accepts a lone pair.(lewis acid)
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The greater the Ka or Kb
The stronger the acid or base
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The smaller the pKa or Pkb
The stronger the acid or base
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For a conjugate pair, what is the relationship of Pka and PKb
pKa+pKb=14
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How to form buffers:
Weak acid/base + salt of weak acid or base formed with strong acid or base
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As temperature increases, Ka increases, pKa decreases and the buffer capacity also decreases
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For the half neutralization point
Pka=pH
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What is the buffer range
The range before complete neutralization
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Rain water is naturally acidic
Water+ co2
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Pre-combustion reducton of SO2 release
- HDS: removes S from petroleum products by reacting it with H, creating H2S
- During combustion reduction of SO2 release:
- Fluidized bed combustion: air jets while coal burns and limestone absorbs SO2 as it is released
- CaCO3= CaO + CO2
- CaO+ SO2=CaSO3
- CaO+SO2+O2=CaSO4
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Post combustion reduction of SO2 release:
- Flue gas
- CaCO3= CaO + CO2
- CaO+ SO2=CaSO3
- CaO+SO2+O2=CaSO4
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How does CaO and CaOH reduce the eefects of acid rain
- CaO+H2SO4= CaSO4 + H2O
- Ca(OH)2+H2SO4=CaSO4+2H20
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Catalytic converter
- Platinum or paladium covered catalysts catalyze the following reaction
- CO+NO=CO2+N2
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Combustion of Coal
S+O2=SO2
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