CDS 501 Week 3

attribute that is subject to change with manipulation 

• any attribute in which something is observed to change
• can have more than one value

• cause, input (ex. clinical work)
• manipulated by the researcher through assignment, grouping, or control
• specify the conditions for conducting the research

• outcomes, effect (ex. child performance)
• variables that are observed, counted, or measured

variable that can effect how the IV and DV interact

• may be known or unknown 
• interference that could cause outliers 
• sometimes you have to scrap the study
• sometimes you just describe and account for it in the report
• can include any factors that are operating during the study

ex) administer a test but the air conditioner breaks and its 100 degrees

• any variable that can be manipulated 
• usually the IV

IV that cannot be manipulated by the experimenter

express how things differ in types

• express how things differ in degree
• Have greater statistical power and mathematical meaning

• defining how items were used in your research
• defining a variable in terms of how it will be measured
• spelling out all the things you do in your methods
• describe the activities the materials necessary to measure and manipulate the data
• some aren't easy to define so they need  a different measurement (ie intelligence)

• what behaviors will be measured?
• ex) stuttering (list behaviors that are characteristic of disorder)

• how is an independent variable is measured/manipulated? 
• ex)treatment approaches - same treatment different number of times

controls for methods, participants, procedures and data interpretation

• IV controlled/manipulated
• randomization to avoid bias

• IV is fixed, cannot be manipulated 
• Little random assignment 
• most common research type of SLPs
• clinical groups often compared to typical development

gain new knowledge through systematic observation

• empirical investigation
• coding: measuring observations numerically
• based on deductive reasoning 
• hypotheses that are tested formally
• look for significant results (large difference between two tested groups)

• True experiments
• Quasi-experiments
• Correlation Experiments 
• Clinical Research

• random assignment 
• control IV

Bivalent: manipulate IV 2 times (tested at 2 diff noise levels)

Multivalent: manipulate IV 3+ times (tested at 4 noise levels)

• describe direction and strength of a relationship
• describe similarities/differences between events, objects, behaviors.

• no random assignment
• sound methods 
• compared to other research

study some aspect of the clinical process

• naturalistic setting 
• inductive reasoning 
• descriptive accounts (categories, words)
• data from field notes, case studies, clinical records, transcriptions, etc.

• approach to qualitative research
• focuses on an entire culture of people
• based in anthropology (origins and social relationships)

• qualitative research approach
• attempt to examine trends based on the presenting phenomena from the participant's viewpoint

• qualitative research approach
• observation of phenomena in the natural setting

• Ethnography
• Phenomenology
• Field research

• 1. find something to observe
• 2. control the occurrence of event
• 3. replicable 
• 4. conditions can be manipulated to measure effects

• comparative
• developmental
• correlational
• survey
• retrospective: analyzing past data

compare/contrast 2+ subjects at one point

• study changes over time
• longitudinal: follow same people, long time

ability to produce a desired or intended result

2 categories of IV

**qualitative variable

more than 1 categories of DV

**qualitative variable

• measured in clear, separate steps/groups
• ex) male or female

**qualitative variable

numbers that are used to form categories

**qualitative variable

• named groupings
• no numerical value
• ex) stutterer vs non-stutterer

**qualitative variable

• equivalence of units throughout the scale 
• constant distance between adjacent intervals

**quantitative variable