LC physics

• Any physical quantity that has only a magnitude
• E.G Distance

• Any quantity that has a magnitude and direction
• E.G. Displacement 
•        Velocity

• How far a body travelled
• (scalar)

The distance travelled in a given amount of time (m/s)

• The distance travelled in a given amount of time with a direction (m/s)
• Vector

• The rate of change of velocity in a given time
• (m/s^2)

(a) final velocity-initial velocity/time taken

• v=u+at
• S=ut+1/2at^2
• v^2=u^2+2as

• object slowing down
• negative deceleration

The measure of how hot or cold a body is

Practical unit: degrees celcius

SI unit: Kelvin (K)★

Add 273.15

subtract 273.15

Any physical property that changes measurably with temperature

• E.g length of a column of liquid
• emf of a thermocouple
• the pressure of a fixed mass of gas
• the volume of a fixed mass of gas
• resistance of a wire

The lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in the substance

• The addition or removal of heat energy from a body in such a way that either increases or decreases the temperature of the body. It is measured in Joules (J)

Heat is a form of energy, that is measured in joules (J) when heat is added or removed from a body, it will either increase or decrease the temperature

• temperature is the measure of how hot or cold a body is and is measured in either kelvin (K) or degrees Celsius

• The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a body by 1K
• SYMBOL:C
• UNIT: J/K
• E=C DELTA THETA

• The amount of energy needed to raise 1kg of the substance by 1kelvin
• symbol: c
• Unit: J/Kg/K
• Formula: E=mc delta theta

• The energy required to change the state of matter of the body without changing it's temperature
• Symbol: L
• unit: joules (J)
• formula E=L

The amount of energy required to change the state of 1kg of that substance without changing it's temperature

• symbol:l
• unit: J/Kg
• formula: E=ml

The heat energy involved in a change of the state of 1kg a body between liquid and gas

The quantity of heat involved in a change of the state of 1kg of a body between a solid and liquid

The movement of heat energy through a substance by the passing on of molecular vibration from molecule to molecule without any overall movement of the substance

The transfer of heat energy through a fluid means of circulating current of fluid caused by heat

The transfer of heat heat energy from one place to another in the form of electromagnetic waves

A body will continue in a state of rest of traveling with uniform velocity unless an unbalanced force acts upon it

• The rate of change of a body's momentum is proportional to the force that causes it and takes place in direction of that force
• F=ma

If a body A exerts a force on body B then body B exerts an equal but opposite force on body A

anything that causes of tends to cause an acceleration

• A beam of electrons
• traveling in straight lines 
• at high spped form the cathode
• They have high kinetic energy and can be deflected by magnetic or electric fields

• Tv screens
• Computer screens

The emission of electrons from the surface a heated metal

• Thermionic emission occurs at the cathode
• This releases electrons which move towards the anode at great speed
• Due to their high speed, most electrons pass through the hollow anode and continue in a straight line
• They strike the screen producing a spot of light at its center. (kinetic energy converts to light energy)
• The beam of light can be deflected by the electric field across the x or y plates
• The cathode ray tube is a vacuum so that the cathode rays don't slow down

The brightness is controlled by a grid between the cathode and the anode

The amount of energy gained or lost by a single electron when it moves through a potential difference of one volt (1V)

Electromagnetic radiation of high energy

• High voltage applied
• Thermionic emission occurs at the cathode, this means that electrons are given off the surfceof a heated metal

These high speed electrons travel really fast towards the anode made out of tugsten (a metal with a really high boiling and melting point)

The x-rays then convert it's self to electromagnetic radiation (x-ray)

The water cooling system cools the anode making sure it doesn't heat up and go on fire it can't penertrate the bone but only skin

Photographs inside a human body for medical purposes


Airport security

Structural flaws in the construction industry

A packet of light energy that contains the characteristics of both waves and particles

• The emission of electrons from a metal, caused by electromagnetic radiation (UV light)
• of a suitable frequency shining on it

The exact frequency of radiation that is required to create the photoelectric effect, each metal has a different threshold frequency

• below it won't occur
• above it will occur

Electric controlled gates, the gates will not close

Automatic doors

Counting number of items on a conveyor belt

Describes the fact that electromagnetic radiation (light) has the nature of both a wave and particle

The energy required for an electron to escape from the cathode of a photocell

Fired alpha particles at gold foil

Because it could be pressed very thin so that it will only have a few atoms from front to back

97% went straight through

A little over 2% were deflected through various angles

Less than 1% were reflected back towards the source

The atom is mainly empty space

The atom contains a small positively charged nucleus

The electrons move around the nucleus in shells

The random breakup of an unstable atomic nuclei accompanied by the emission of one or more types of radiation

alpha, gamma, beta

A radioactive particle that consists of two protons and two neutrons (helium nucleus)

A radioactive particle that consists of an electron emitted at high speed from the nucleus of an atom

A form of radioactivity and consists of high energy electromagnetic radiation emittes by the nucleus of an atom. Cannot be deflected by magnetic or electric fields

The key difference is how they are produced

Gamma rays are produced when the nucleus breaks down by radioactivity and the rays are emitted

x-rays are produced when electrons hit a metal target and the rays are emitted

• When a force moves an object a certain distance
• w=fs
• (j)

The ability to do work

• The energy an object has due to its motion
• e=1/2 mv^2
• (j)

• The energy an object has due to its position in a force field 
• ep=mgh

potential energy

Energy can't be made or destroyed only converted from one form to another

• The rate at which work is done
• p=wd/t
• (watts)

1 j/s

Output/input*100

• mass per unit volume
• (kg/m^3)
• p=m/v

*1000

• Force per unit area
• n/m^2
• (pa) pascals

• 1m^2=100^2 cm
• 1m^3+1,000,000cm^3

• P=pgh
• (pa)
• scalar

At constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to the volume

• bicycle pump
• carbon dioxide bubbles

When a body is immersed in a fluid it will experience an upthrust (upward force) equal to the weight of the fluid displaced

measures the density of liquids

2 different metals are joined together to form a complete circuit

the two junctions are maintained at different temperatures


A small emf (voltage) appears in the circuit which causes a small electric current to flow


The greater the difference between the junctions the greater the emf

Any physical property that changes measurably with temperature

0 kelvin=-273.15 degree celsius

Passes heat from a cool region to a hot region

• contains a circulating liquid that has a low boiling point and specific latent heat of vapourization.
• In a closed circuit

When it reaches the expansion valve the pressure drops and the liquid turns to a gas taking in the fridges latent heat.

When the liquid reaches the compressor the pressure increases and the gas turns back into a liquid releasing the latent heat into the surrounding area

The force of attraction between any two points is directly proportional tot he product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

f=gm1m2/d^2

The forces created are inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

• The product of its mass times velocity
• p=mv
• kgm/s

m1v1*m2v1=m1+m2*v