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-A work that targets human vices or follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.
Satire
- *Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing whether than a purpose for writing.
- *It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm.
- * The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.
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-An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some author's styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style).
Style
- *The consideration of style has two purposes!!! (this is one of them)
- *Compare, for example, Jonathon's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest.
- *We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgements on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose.
- *Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, to name only a few examples.
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-Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such a the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.
Style
*The consideration of style has two purposes!!! (this is one of them)
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-The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicative adjective. Multiple-choice questions.
Subject Complement
*Broad Category!!!
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-Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause.
- Subordinate Clause
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- *The subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when, where, how, and that.
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-A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.
Syllogism
- *A way to remember "Syllogic"
- *From the Greek for "reckoning together".
- * Also called "syllogistic-reasoning" or "syllogistic logic".
*A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;
- Major premise: All men are mortal
- Minor premise: Socrates is a man
- Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
- A Syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("All men"_).
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-Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete --such as object, action, character, or scene-- that represents something more abstract.
- Symbol/Symbolism
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- *On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.
- *However symbols, and symbolism can be more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories:
- - (1) Natural Symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge).
- - (2) Conventional Symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross of Star of David; national symbols such as a flag or an eagle; or group of symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers).
- - (3) Literary Symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness.
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-A type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion.
Synecdoche
- *A way to remember "Synecdoche gave her hand in marriage ↠ her whole body!!!"
- *Ex. Farmer Joes has two hundred head of cattle [whole cattle], and three hired hands [whole people].
- *Ex. If we had some wheels [whole vehicles], I'd put on my best threads [clothes], and ask for Jane's hand [hopefully her whole person] in marriage.
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-The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
Syntax
- *A way to remember "Sentence Structure"!!!
- *Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words.
- *In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.
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-The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.
Theme
- *A way to remember "What can this story teach me."
- *Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in expository or argumentative writing.
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-In expository writing, the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.
Thesis
- *A way to remember "Statement that is in the last part of the introduction."
- *Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.
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-Similar to mood, ____ describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience or both.
Tone
- *A way to remember "The way the author feels."
- *Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language.
- *Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone.
- *Some words describing tones are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber.
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-A word or phrase that links different ideas.
Transition
- *Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.
- *A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly, and on the contradictory.
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More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition.
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-The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic.
Understatement
- *A way to remember "Type of understatement - Latotes."
- *Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.
- *Ex. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake interrupted business somewhat in the downtown area. Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse. -Jonathan Swift
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-An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece.
Undertone
- *Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones.
- *William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence have a grim undertone.
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-In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that delights.
Wit
- *A way to remember "An intellectual joke -meaning that you gotta be smart to understand it!!!"
- *A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks.
- *Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.
- * Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding.
- * Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.
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