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What is the study of basic nature of the world? (What exists?)
Metaphyics
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What is the study of knowledge?
Epistomology
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What is the study of argumentation and reasoning? (Methodology)
Logic
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What is the study of is there such thing as a moral truth, what things have value, what is a good life? What does goodness (and evil) consist in?
Meta-ethics
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What study explores and attempts to justify general moral theories and principles regarding how we should act and what type of persons we ought to be? Which actions are right and which are wrong?
Normative Ethics
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What study reflects on the plausibility and rationale for applying certain principles, theories and moral considerations in particular contexts to particular problems? (business ethics, bioethics, sports ethics...etc)
Applied Ethics
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What are the components on an argument?
- Premises - Statement that supports a conclusion
- Conclusion - A statement that requires support
- Inference - Move from premises to conclusion
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What are a set of reasons (premises) that support a claim or conclusion?
Argument
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What is the statement that supports a conclusion?
Premises
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What is the statement that requires support or is being support by the premises?
Conclusion
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What is the mental move from the premises to the conclusion?
Inference
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What are arguments that are missing pieces called?
Enthymemes
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Which fallacy:
The conclusion is presupposed in the premises, instead of supporting it. It is a circular reasoning.
Begging the Question
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Which Fallacy:
Question that presupposes the conclusion and cannot be answered without taking for granted a truth asserted in the question.
Complex Questions
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Which Fallacy:
Assumes the audience knows that implied answer or conclusion.
Rhetorical Question
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Which Fallacy:
Attacks the person making the argument to refute his or her position.
- Ad Hominem
- Ad Hominem Abusive (personal attacks)
- Ad Hominem Circumstantial (based on circumstances)
- To Quoque (appeals to hypocrisy)
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Which Fallacy:
Threatens
Ad Baculum
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Which Fallacy:
An argument that suggests taking a minor action will lead to a major and sometimes ludicrous consequence.
Slippery Slope
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Which Fallacy:
Inappropriate appeal to pity.
Ad Misericordiam
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Which Fallacy:
Diverts the attention away, changes the subject.
Red Herring
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Which Fallacy:
Refutes an opponents argument with an argument that was not presented by the opponent.
Straw Man
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Which Fallacy:
Claims authority in the argument to support the conclusion.
Appeal to Authority
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Which Fallacy:
Something is falsely claimed to be an either/or situation, when in fact there is at least one additional option.
- False Dilemma
- (More than one additional option - False Dichotomy)
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Which Fallacy:
Is not justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence. A faulty generalization.
Hasty Generalization
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What are the rights that everyone possesses?
Universal Rights
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What are the rights that cannot be sold, transferred or given away?
Inalienable Rights
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Rights that we are obligated to respect regardless of other circumstances?
Absolute Rights
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Rights that obligate others to come to the right holder's aid? (obligated to do something)
Positive Rights
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What are the 4 Principles of Moral Decision Making?
- 1. Autonomy - respect of persons - what are their needs/want, values/wishes - Deontological
- 2. Beneficence - Acting in patients best interests - Consequential
- 3. Non-Maleficence - Do no harm - Consequential
- 4. Justice - What is fair - Deontological - Allocation of scarce resources - Consequential
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What is Autokeonomy?
- Stands for "the self if community" and captures the sense of being free from dominance without suggestion self-domination.
- We are interdependent.
- We have trust.
- Put value in relationships.
- A more robust sense of autonomy when consider for only one alone, but in the context of their relationships.
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What is Deontology?
- Immanuel Kant
- Rational Capacity
- Act out of duty
- Maxim - make universal law - Golden Rule
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What is Utilitarianism?
- Consequentialism
- John Stuart Mill
- Maximize pleasure, minimize pain
- Right or Wrong - Judged by their consequences
- The Good - Hedonism - meta-ethical component
- Overall Utility - Impartiality - asses everyone's happiness equally
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Rights that obligate others not to interfere with the right holders as they act on the negative right?
Negative Rights
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