Neuroscience test 1

The study of the nervous system

are aware/conscious of these processes 

occurs only in the mind (non-physical)

combination of cognitive psychology and neuroscience 

relates mind and brain 

how the mind and brain correlate or have a case and effect on each other

clinically oriented study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system 

MD program

correlations and cause and effect between biological and cognitive processes 

ex: hormone levels change in relation to stress of language learning program

function of biological system

Study of the structure of biological tissue

ability to solve resolve detail across time 

ex. video camera (still images put together across time to form one moving image)

ability to resolve detail across a given amount of space 

ex. Camera not being able to see a fly bc the pixel is not small enough

level to which techniques are invasive to the subject 

non invasive- not painful, no breaking of the skin

cell that makes up the nervous system and supports cognitive function

branching structure that carry information from other neurons (they receive the neurotransmitters from the axon of the other neuron)

had terminals and collaterals

contains the cell organelles and cytoplasm

• Neurotransmitter (glutamate) attaches to the protein receptor on the dendritic terminal 
• Sodium ion channels open to allow sodium ions to flood the dendritic terminals 
• The net charges of each dendritic terminal move to the cell body (the Na ions move to the soma) 
• Na ions move to the soma where the Na+ voltage channels open (more voltage the more the channels open)
• Charge jumps along the axon to the Na + gates (myelin sheath speeds this along) 
• When the sodium reaches the axon terminal it pushes the neurotransmitters into the synapse with electricity

1 millisecond

• Glial cell that wraps around the axon collateral to speed up AP by 10-100x its normal rate
• Myelin lines the collateral, but breaks in the sheath have sodium channels that the electric charge jumps to in order to speed up the AP

• Help support neurons
• Ex. give brain structure, provide nutrients

• Responsible for basic functioning like breath regulation, blood pressure, basic instincts
• Pons, medulla, cerebellum

• Basic mammalian functions
• Hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala

• Advanced processes and behaviors, consciousness
• Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes

made up of axons and glial cells

Made up of cell bodies

Made up of white matter and helps the two hemispheres communicate

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain, transfers some signals, and helps bring snacks/take away waste

The covering of the brain that protects it from hitting the skull

• Regulates vital functions
• Regulates breathing, swallowing, heart rate, and wake-sleep cycle

• Link between cerebellum and cerebrum
• controls eye and body movement

• Important for dexterity and smooth movement
• Motor commands

• Acts as a sensory relay between the sensory organs and the cortex
• Does not include smell

• regulates body temperature, hunger and thirst, sexual activity, and endocrine functions 
• Fight or flight response

learning and memory

• detects threatening, fearful stimuli 
• Emotions

Sensory information for taste, touch, temperature

bottom

Top

Another way of saying inferior (top)

Another way of saying inferior (bottom)

To the back

To the front

Close to the middle

Away from the middle

Cut vertically and going through one of the hemisphere

Cut like a slice of bread

(axial) cut horizontally through the brain

When looking at a human, where the spine is vertical but the brain is horizontal, posterior and dorsal refer to the same thing. When looking at an animal with a horizontal spine, or just the brain itself, dorsal refers to the top of the brain and posterior refers to the back of the brain.

greater disparity between inside and outside of the neuron

The inside and outside of the neuron are closer in charge

Axonal propagation

• Measures how many times a neuron fires an AP per second
• Usually 5-500 spikes

characterizes neuron behavior by how many times the AP fires in a second

• What the neuron is saying/what is being relayed through spike pattern 
• neural code can be found through rate coding

Requires recoding from multiple neurons at once

Looks at the relationship between neuron function and the AP

• Neuronal- only things directly involved with neurons
• Neural- neurons and glia
• Neurological- specifically disorders of the nervous system

Intracellular and extracellular

Ex vivo, you have to put the neuron on a petri dish and then put the electrode in

In vivo, put the tip of the electrode just outside the neuron. Done with a stereotaxic frame

• Electrodes are placed on the brain and they measure the AP directly beneath them
• Restricted to the cortex
• Temporal resolution is real time

• Middle of the brain 
• Sensory information like pain

Visual stimuli

All higher reasoning and language skills

Associated with hearing and being able to hear language