A&P Exam 1 Chapter 4

Name the 4 types of Tissues

Collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substance around them

The microscopic study of tissues

Removal of tissues from a patient for diagnostic purposes

examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death

3 Germ Layers of Embryonic Tissue

The inner layer of embryonic tissues, Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives

The middle layer of embryonic tissue, Forms tissues such as muscle, bone, blood vessels

The outer layer of embryonic tissue, Forms skin and neuroectoderm (nervous system)

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

Major Functions of Epithelial Tissue

How do you classify epithelial tissue?

Flat and scale like epithelium

Wide as they are tall epithelium

Taller than they are wide epithelium

One layer of epithelium

Multiple layers of epithelium

Epithelium in which all cells touch the basement membrane, yet not all reach the apical surface

Type of epithelium that  allows diffusion of gases, filtration of blood, secretion, absorption

Type of epithelium that involves protection, particularly against abrasion

Type of epithelium that allows diffusion or acts as filter

2 types of epithelium that are good for  secretion or absorption. May include goblet cells that produce and secrete mucus.

a specialized extracellular matrix that acts as an adhesive to attach the epithelial cells to the connective tissue below

a loose connective tissue or dense irregular CT that has many different cells and blood vessels that nourish the epithelial layer.

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?

Type of epithelial tissue that is good for diffusion, filtration, some secretion, and some protection against friction?

What tissue is in the  Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, surfaces of the ovaries?

What type of tissue is good for  Secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules; secretion by cells of glands and choroid plexuses; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells?

What tissue is in the Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts, ventricles of the brain?

What type of tissue is good for Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells;secretion by cells of the glands, the stomach, and the intestines; absorption by cells of the small and large intestines?

What tissue is Keratinized— primarily In the skin; nonkeratinized—mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, inferior urethra, cornea?

What type of tissue is good for Protection against abrasion, a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body?

What tissue is found in the Lining of the nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs?

What type of tissue is good for Synthesizing and secreting mucus onto the free surface; move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages?

What type of tissue is found in Lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra?

What tissue can Accommodate fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protect against the caustic effects of urine?

Cell junction that consists of adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells together and intracellular proteins attached to intermediate filaments that extend into the cytoplasm of the cells

This cell junction  attach epithelial cells to basement membrane.

This cell junction  hold cells together, form permeability barrier;prevents the passage of materials between cells

This cell junction helps hold epithelial cells together, weaker than desmosomes.

Type of cell junction that are protein channels that aid intercellular communication.
▪ Allows ions and small molecules to pass through.
▪ Coordinate function of cardiac and smooth muscle.
▪ May help coordinate movement of cilia in ciliated types of epithelium

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities

Glands with ducts that open to the outside surface

Glands that have no ducts, create hormones, and have no open contact with the exterior

Type of exocrine gland that the vesicles empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis. Example: tears or sweat glands

Type of exocrine gland that a portion of the cell containing secretory products is pinched off the cell. Example: Mammary Gland

Type of exocrine gland that the entire cell is shed by the gland and become part of the secretion. Example: Sebaceous Gland (Hair)

What is the tissue that is most abundant; found in every organ;  Consists of cells separated by extracellular matrix?

Name the 7 functions associated with Connective Tissue

-blast

-cyte

-Clast

Cells in connective tissue that play an important role in inflammation. Have heparin and histamine enzymes that release to protect against infection.

Cell in CT that continuously move from blood vessels into connective tissues. The rate of movement increases dramatically in response to injury or infection.

Large phagocytic cells in CT that play a mjor role in protection against infection, destroy dead or dying cells, & engulf foreign particles.

fragments of hemopoetic cells containing enzymes and special proteins that function in the clotting process to reduce bleeding from a wound.

three major components of the ECM:

Three types of protein fibers—help form connective tissue.

One of the protein fibers of the ECM--most abundant protein in the body;  strong, flexible, inelastic

One of the protein fibers of the ECM--Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine collagenous, form branching networks

One of the protein fibers of the ECM--returns to its original shape after distension or compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that resemble coiled springs

Most common molecules in the ECM are called?

Ground Substance contains ____ which is a polysaccharide. Good lubricant. Vitreous humor of eye.

Ground Substance contains ____ which is a protein and polysaccharide. Protein part attaches to hyaluronic acid. Traps large amounts of water

Ground Substance contains ____ ____ which  hold proteoglycan aggregates together.

The adhesive molecule in cartilage ground substance?

The adhesive molecule  in bone ground substance?

The adhesive molecule in fibrous connective tissues' ground substance?

Embryonic connective tissue is called?

3 Main Types of Adult Connective Tissue

What are the 2 types of Connective tissue proper?

What are the 3 types of Loose Connective Tissue?

Which main category of CT consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid?

Consists of Cells within a fine network of mostly collagen fibers.

CT? Function: Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated

CT? Location: Widely distributed throughout the body; substance on which epithelial basement membranes rest; packing between glands, muscles, and nerves; attaches the skin to underlying tissues

CT that has little ECM surrounding cells

CT? Function: Packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred

CT? Location: Predominantly in subcutaneous areas, in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices

Primary role of this fat is thermoregulation (non-shivering thermogenesis.) Prevalent in hibernating animals and newborns. Decreases with age?

CT that is mesh-like, supportive framework for soft organs?

CT? Function: Provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues

CT? Location: Within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

CT with Matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction

CT? Function: Able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance

CT? Location: Tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bones to each other)

CT with a  Matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in a somewhat single direction

CT? Function: Tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions

CT? Location: Sheaths; most of the dermis of the skin; organ capsules and septa; outer covering of body tubes

CT that is bone and cartilage—provides structure and strength to the body and protect soft tissues.

Structure: Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent; the chondrocytes are around in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix

Function: Allows the growth of long bones; provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs, and nose; forms strong, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces; forms the embryonic skeleton

Location: Growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surface of bones, embryonic skeleton

Structure: the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles

Which cartilage? Function: Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure

Which cartilage? Location: Intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis, articular disks (e.g., knee and temporomandibular [jaw] joints)

Mature cartilage cells?

Spaces in which the chondrocytes are located?

Hard connective tissue composed of living cells (osteocytes) and mineralized matrix ?

gives strength and rigidity; allows bone to support and protect other tissues and organs?

What 2 things is the bone matrix made of?

2 types of bone

Which type of bone? Function: Acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone

Which type of bone? Location: In the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis; in the ends of the long bones

Which type of bone? Function: Provides great strength and support

Which type of bone? Location: Outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long bones

Which type of CT? Matrix: plasma ▪ Liquid and lacks fibers. ▪ Matrix formed by other tissues, unlike other types of connective tissue. ▪ Moves through vessels, but both fluid and cells can move in/out of the vessels

What are the 3 formed elements of Fluid CT or Blood?

Another name for red blood cells?

Another name for white blood cells?

What forms blood cells and is found in bone marrow?

2 types of bone marrow

What does the red bone marrow do?

What is the yellow bone marrow?

cell fragments involved in blood clotting

Type of CT? Function: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation

CT? ▪Characteristics ▪ Contracts or shortens with force ▪ Moves entire body, pumps blood, or regulates the size of organs.

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

appear striated (banded); cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery

Type of Muscle Tissue that Moves the body; is Under voluntary (conscious) control?

Type of muscle tissue that is located  Attached to bone or other connective tissue?

CT that are  cylindrical and striated and have a single, centrally located nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions

CT that  Pumps the blood; is under involuntary (unconscious) control?

CT Location: In the heart?

cells are tapered at each end, are not striated, and have a single nucleus

Muscle Tissue? Function: Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces “goose bumps” in the skin; is under involuntary  (unconscious) control

Muscle Tissue?Location: In hollow organs, such as the stomach and small and large intestines

CT?  consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon; glia, or support cells, surround the neurons

Tissue that has the ability to produce action potentials?

Support cells of the neuron?

cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body; usually only one per neuron

cell process; receive impulses from other neurons; can be many per neuron

3 types of membranes

Which membrane Line cavities that open to the outside of body ▪ Secrete mucus ▪ Found in respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems?

Which membrane Lines cavities not open to exterior ▪ Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal?

Which membrane  Line freely movable joints ▪ Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid?

What is the name for the heart cavity?

What is the name for the lung cavities?

What is the name for the abdominal cavity?

What is the name for the thick layer of loose connective tissue that lines the Mucous membranes?

What type of cell secretes mucus?