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Define Hydraulics
The study of fluids at rest and in motion
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1 cubic foot of water contains how many gallons
7.5 gallons
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1 cubic foot of water weighs?
62.5 lbs
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1 Gallon contains ____ cubic inches
231
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1 gallon of water weighs?
8.33 lbs
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A 1 foot high column of water exerts ___ PSI at its base
.434
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a column of water ____ feet high exerts 1 PSI at its base
2.304 feet
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50' of 1.75" hose contains __ gallons of water
6.24
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50' of 1.88" hose contains __ gallons of water
7.2
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50' of 2.5" hose contains __ gallons of water
12.74
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50' of 3" hose contains __ gallons of water
18.35
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100' of 4" hose contains __ gallons of water
65.25
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100' of 5" hose contains __ gallons of water
101.94
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Nozzle pressure for smooth bore handlines?
- 50 PSI
- (increased to 65 for higher flow)
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Nozzle pressure for smooth bore master streams?
- 80PSI
- Up to 100 for higher flows
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Akron Assault nozzle Pressure? Flow with combo tip? Flow with 15/16" Slug?
50PSI 175GPM / 185 GPM
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Nozzle pressure for other fog nozzles
100 PSI
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Define Attack Pumper
Any pumping apparatus supplying water directly to attack lines
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Define Centrifugal Pump
Modern fire apparatus pump. This pump takes advantage of of incoming pressure. Water enters the eye of the pump then travels through one or more impellers
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Define Discharge
The amount of water issuing from an opening (GPM)
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Define Flow Pressure
The pressure created by the velocity of water coming from a discharge
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Define Friction Loss
The loss of pressure created by turbulence of water moving against the interior walls, couplings, and connections of hose or pipe
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Define Head pressure
Water pressure due to elevation (.434 or .5 for fireground math)
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Define Master Stream?
Any heavy caliber water stream over 350 GPM
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Define a primer pump
Small positive displacement pump used to evacuate air from a centrifugal pump
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Define Pump discharge pressure
Actual velocity of the water (measured in PSI) as it leaves the pump
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Relay pumper
Any pumper between the source and attack pumper
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Define Residual pressure
Any pressure remaining in a water system when water is flowing
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Define Static Pressure
The pressure exerted by water at rest in a confined vessel available to force the water through pipe fittings, fire hose, and adapters
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Define Total pressure loss
the total amount of pressure loss in a hose assemble due to friction loss in the hose and appliances, elevation pressure, or other factors
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Define water hammer
The force created by a rapid deceleration of water. Generally occurs from opening / closing a valve too quickly.
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Formula for volume of rectangle shaped containers in gallons?
Capacity = L' x W' x D' x 7.5
Depth can be average for slanted pools etc
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Formula for volume of cylinder pipe or hose in gallons?
Capacity = pi x r² x H x 7.5
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Formula for smooth bore nozzle discharge (GPM)
GPM = 29.7 x d² x √NP
- example 1 1/4" tip at 80 psi
- 29.7 (constant) x 1.25² x √80
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Theoretical Flow based on Tip Size (hand line)
1/2"
7/8"
15/16"
1"
1 1/8"
1 1/4"
- 1/2" 53
- 7/8" 161
- 15/16" 185
- 1" 210
- 1 1/8" 266
- 1 1/4" 328
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Theoretical Flow based on tip size (master stream)
1 1/4"
1 3/8"
1 1/2"
1 3/4"
2"
- 1 1/4" 415
- 1 3/8" 502
- 1 1/2"598
- 1 3/4" 814
- 2" 1062
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2.5" Akron Fog nozzle GPM range
125- 250
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Booster reel nozzle pressure / GPM
100psi 12-60GPM
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Decon Shower GPM / PSI
270 GPM / 75 PSI
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Piercing Nozzle GPM / PSI
125GPM / 100 PSI
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Cellar Nozzle / Distributor Nozzle GPM / PSI
2.5"
1.5"
- 2.5" 250GPM 100PSI
- 1.5" 95GPM 50PSI
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Smooth Bore monitor pressure / GPM
1 3/8"
1 1/2"
1 3/4"
2"
- 1 3/8" 500 at 110
- 1 1/2" 600 at 110
- 1 3/4" 800 at 110
- 2" 1000 at 120
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TFT Automatic Nozzle Flow Range
150 - 1250 GPM
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Mercury Monitor Nozzle Pressure
- 80 PSI Smooth Bore
- 100 PSI Fog
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Mercury Monitor Max Inlet Pressure
150 PSI
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Mercury Monitor Appliance Loss
10 PSI
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1st Principle of Friction Loss
FL will vary directly with hose length
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2nd Principle of Friction Loss
Flow doubles, Friction Quadruples
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3rd Principle of Friction Loss
Flow remains contant, friction loss will decrease if size of hose increases
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4th Principle of Friction Loss
Velocity of water causes friction loss, not pressure
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Coefficients:
1"
1 3/4" (FFX / IFSTA)
2"
2.5"
3"
4"
5"
- 1" 150
- 1 3/4" (FFX / IFSTA) 10 / 15.5
- 2" 8
- 2.5" 2
- 3" .8
- 4" .2
- 5" .08
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Friction Loss Formula
FL = CQ²L
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Appliance Loss:
<350
>350
ladder pipes
master streams
standpipes
- <350 0
- >350 10
- ladder pipes 25
- master streams 25 (cept merc monitor)
- standpipes 25
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Elevation Pressure Formula
EP = H x 0.434
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Attack pumper PDP Formula
PDP = NP + FL + AL + EP
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JS 10 GPM / PSI
100 / 100
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Portable Foam Eductor Flows ___ to ____ GPM with a PDP of ___ PSI at the eductor. Must be placed ___ Feet from the panel and not more than ___ Feet above the eductor
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CAFS water to air ratio fire attack? Foam application rate
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CAFS water to air ratio for overhaul? Foam application rate?
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Starting pressure for supply pumper
50 PSI (4")
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PDP Formula for Supply Pumper
- PDP = RP + FL + AL + EP
- RP is 20
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Multiple line coefficients:
2 3"
1 4" 1 3"
2 4"
- 2 3"- .2
- 1 4" 1 3"- .09
- 2 4"- .05
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Available Water from Hydrant Formula
Percentage Drop = (Static Pressure - Residual Pressure) 100 / Static Pressure
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Like Volumes:
0-10%
11-15%
16-25%
>25%
- 0-10%- 3 times
- 11-15%- 2 times
- 16-25%- 1 time
- >25%- less than 1 time
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Standpipe Starting pressure
150 PSI
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Sprinkler system starting pressure
150 PSI
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Define Blitz Attack
Rapidly placing a large volume of water on the fire
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Nozzle Reaction Formula (smooth bore)
NR = 1.57 x d² x NP
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Nozzle reaction formula (fog nozzle)
NR = .0505 x Q x √NP
NR = .0505 x 750 GPM x √100 psi
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Pump should be put in gear anytime the incoming pressure exceeds ___ PSI
50
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