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Nature
- Plato, Chomsky
- also called nativists/rationalists
- Language is innate; LAD (language acquisition device) center in brain
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Nurture
- B.F. Skinner
- Empiricist
- played a role in piagetian theory
- Lang is a function on environment (taught)
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5 Major Theories
- Behaviorist
- Linguists
- Constructionists
- Social Interactionist
- Emergentist
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Behaviorist Theory
- Learning through triggered response
- Increase positive behaviors and decrease negative behaviors (stimulus response paradigm)
Clinical Implications
- drill and practice activities
- focus on observable, measurable behaviors
Limitations: not comprehensive theory
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Linguistic Theory
- Language is innate (LAD)
- apply innate codes to understand language
Important concepts
- phonological rules
- syntactic categories
- phrase structure rules
**governed by language form
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Constructivist Theory
- Jean Piaget
- development of cognition from primitive to advanced
- cognitive achievements are linked to linguistic development
- there are links between motor ability, play behavior, and lang development
- Cognitive skill of play: relation between objects and people
**governed my language content - knowledge to express needs
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Social Interactionist Theory
- Vygotsky and Brunner
- interaction plays a role in language acquisition
- needs are met by interacting with people
- child and more capable partner solve problems together, eventually child takes over (zone of proximal development)
- Match intent to outcome ex) crying pattern gets me food/other wants
- language plays critical role in shaping learning and thought
**governed by lang use
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Zone of Proximal Development
- Social Interactionist Theory
- child solves problem with more capable partner and eventually learn to take over
- they will learn when they are ready to learn - when they have all the necessary unteachable tools
- object permanence
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Emergenist Theory
- Blending of the theories
- nature AND nurture
- child's biology adapts to the environment
- uses computer simulation of lang samples to understand language development
Influences clinical work
- notes inconsistancies in lang use
- note emergent patterns
- target linguist features to promote system-wide change
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5 Communication Subdomains
- 1. Early Pragmatics (use)
- 2. Vocab (content)
- 3. Early Word Combos (content/form)
- 4. Morphosyntax (form)
- 5. Discourse(use)
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Early Pragmatic Skills
- Subdomain 1
- prelinguistic communication
- joint visual attention (10-12 months) - interactive communication
- 8-15 months: request objects/activities, refusal, comments
- 16-23 months: requesting info, answeing questions, acknowledging a response
Early Discourse (pre-school and up)
- initiate convo
- convo exchange
- topic maintenance
- convo repair
- code switching
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Vocabulary Development
- Subdomain 2
- 1 yr old +
- 200-500 words by 2yrs
semantic deficits characteristic of lang disorders in
- autism
- intellectual disability
- hearing impairment
- specific language impairment
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Multiple Word Combinations
- Subdomain 3
- Combos occur once speaker has about 50 words
- word combos reflect meaning, not structure rules
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Morphosyntax Development
- 24-36 months: children begin to follow form rules
- 5 yrs: complex syntax including embedded phrases and clauses
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