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Mechanisms of intercellular communication
Direct communication and Paracrine communication
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Direct communication
- - Exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions
- - Occurs between two cells of the same type
- - Highly specialized and relatively rare
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Paracrine communication
Chemical signals transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue
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Autocrine communication
Messages affect the same cells that secrete them; chemicals involved are autocrines
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Endocrine communication
release chemicals (hormones) that are transported in bloodstream and alters metabolic activities
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Target cells
Have receptors needed to bind and “read” hormonal messages
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Synaptic communication
Allows for high-speed “messages” to reach specific destinations and is ideal for crisis management
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Endocrine system includes
all endocrine cells and tissues that produce hormones or paracrines
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All of the pancreatic hormones are regulated by
nutrient concentrations in the blood
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A patient is receiving exogenous cortisol in the form of hydrocortisone shots for a sinus infection. Their natural adrenal secretion of cortisol will decrease due to negative feedback on the ________ reducing the secretion of ________.
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Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone
ADH
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Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the
glucocorticoids
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The pituitary gland is located within this structure
sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
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Cells in the brain
can absorb glucose without insulin stimulation
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If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which hormone could no longer stimulate release of glucose?
glucagon
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Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following
- synthesis of enzymes
- quantities of enzymes
- gating of ion channels
- activities of enzymes
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The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
androgens
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The following are components of the RAAS and contribute to blood volume and electrolyte homeostasis
- renin
- angiotensin
- ADH
- aldosterone
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This hormone may be prescribed in chronic inflammatory disorders
cortisol
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When adenyl cyclase is activated,
ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed
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Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.
catecholamines
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Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
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Hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are
tropic
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Thyroid hormone may increase cellular ATP production by binding to
the mitochondria
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At about 4pm in the afternoon, you could expect that ________ will be released if you have not eaten since 12pm.
glucagon
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A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is
cortisol
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Target cells
- have receptors for a specific hormone
- cannot bind a hormone if lacking receptors for that hormone
- can respond to more than one hormone if they have receptors for each one
- can be anywhere in the body
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What hormones are referred to as gonadotropins?
FSH and LH
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Which of the following endocrine gland is a major source of male hormones in a female body?
adrenal gland
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Which of the following structure connects nervous system with endocrine system?
hypothalamus
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In order to determine the level of a specific hormone in the body, which of the following is tested?
blood
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Chemicals that act on the neighboring cells are referred to as
paracrines
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Release of epinephrine by adrenal gland is an example of
Nervous system stimulation
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Which of the following types of hormones are typically water insoluble and lipid soluble?
steroid hormones
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Neurosecretory cells located in hypothalamus extend through infundibulum to store its hormones in
posterior pituitary
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PTH and calcitonin
would be classified as antagonistic hormones
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The following disorder is due hyposecretion of ADH
diabetes insipidus
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Hormones that are responsible for "fight or flight response" are
epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Receptors for protein hormone such as insulin are located
on the plasma membrane
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