Endocrine

This allows cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities

It is an organ consisting of epithelial cells that specialize in secretion

Four classes/categories of chemical messengers are?

This chemical are listed in multiple categories because they have several functions and cannot be restricted into just one class

They are nerve impulses that trigger the release of mediator (messenger) molecules

Endocrine system controls body activities by releasing mediators called

to excite or get moving

It is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body. It enters interstitial fluid and bloodstream

This act as both neurotransmitter (released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons) and hormone (released by chromaffin cells of A. Medulla)

It secrete their products into ducts into body cavities, lumen of an organ, outer surface.

It includes sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, digestive glands

It secretes their products into the interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells

It includes pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands.

study of endocrine system

If a hormone is present in excess, the number of target cell receptors may decrease ---an effect called ___

It makes a target cell less sensitive to a hormone

It makes a target cell more sensitive to a hormone.

most endocrine hormones; they pass from the secretory cells that make them into interstitial fluid then into blood.

act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell

stimulates the cell that originally secreted it/act on the same cell that secreted them

act locally on neighboring cells; secreted by one cell type into the extracellular fluid and affect surrounding cells

secreted by neurons that activate an adjacent; paracrine agents

secreted into the bloodstream; travel to general circulation to target cells

refers to the total amount of a signal that is produced

the hormones secreted by most endocrine glands; consists of fluctuation in the concentration of hormones in bloodstream

the all-or-none action potentials carried along axons; vary in the number of signals sent but not In the amount of signal sent.

refers to how often a signal is sent in a certain period of time

Characteristics of Hormones

the amount of time it takes for 50% of the circulating hormone to be removed from the circulation and excreted.

Hormones requiring a transport chaperone bind to blood proteins called ___

Once hormones attach to a binding protein they are then called ____

Once the hormones detach from the binding protein, then they are called ____

Chemical classes of Hormones

include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide; nonpolar

include amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, and eicosanoid hormones; polar

– results in relatively constant blood levels of hormone over long periods of time

occurs when the hormone’s concentration changes suddenly and irregularly and its circulating levels differ with each stimulus

occurs when hormones are secreted at fairly predictable intervals and concentrations

they circulate in the blood, and the word _____ refers to body fluids

This stimulates the release of hormones when a change in extracellular fluid is detected

second type of hormone regulation; neurons release a neurotransmitter into a synapse with hormone-producing cells

neuro-peptides stimulate hormone secretion from other endocrine cells; reserved for hormones from the hypothalamus

occurs when hormones stimulate the secretion of other hormones.

from hypothalamus, prevent the secretion of tropic hormones from pituitary gland

hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself; prevent the secretion of the hormone in question; self-limiting system

promote the further synthesis and secretion of the tropic hormone; stimulates even more secretion of the original hormone; self-propagating system

Hormones exert their actions by binding to target cell proteins called ___

– specific portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone binds

are places where a chemical signal binds onto a receptor

The tendency for each type of hormone to bind to one type of receptor, and not to others, is called ___

REMEMBER: 
Lipid-soluble hormones bind to _____
Water-soluble hormones bind to ___

Functions of Endocrine System

Two important  structures for integrating the nervous system and the endocrine system are

was called the “master” endocrine gland because it secretes several hormones that control other endocrine gland (secretes 7 different hormones)

master of pituitary gland; major link between the nervous system and endocrine system (synthesized 9 different hormones)

It is a pea-shaped structure, lies in hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

stalk of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

It is a lobe of pituitary gland that is called the neurohypophysis because it is continuous with the hypothalamus in the brain.

Two parts of posterior pituitary

It is a part of posterior pituitary that is larger bulbar portion, and infundibulum

It is a part of posterior pituitary that 
atrophies during human fetal development and ceases to exist as a separate lobe

It is a lobe of pituitary gland that develops as an outpocketing of the roof of the embryonic oral cavity called the pituitary diverticulum

It is a lobe of pituitary gland that develops as an outpocketing of the roof of the embryonic oral cavity called the pituitary diverticulum

It is a lobe of pituitary gland that is also called the adenohypophysis; accounts for about 75%  of the total weight of the gland and made of epithelial tissue

two parts of anterior pituitary gland

is one of the major portal systems in the body; system of blood vessel that connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate anterior pituitary secretion are called ___

Hypothalamic hormones that decrease anterior pituitary hormone secretion are called ___

a water conservation hormone; prevents the output of large amounts of urine; a hormone which is responsible for the decreasing urine production

– is an important reproductive hormone; stimulates labor in pregnant mammal; causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle in nonpregnant women

THYROID GLAND is Made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called ___

main function is to secrete thyroid hormone

small spheres with walls that consist of simple cuboidal epithelium

cells beside the thyroid follicle

lack of thyroid hormones

elevated rate of thyroid hormones

Embedded on the lobes of the thyroid gland, and are made up of two cell types: oxyphils and chief cells

function to secrete parathyroid hormone

abnormal increase in the secretion of PTH = tumor

increased PTH mean increase in bone resorption making the bones become soft and easily fractured; muscle and nerves become less excitable

abnormal decrease in PTH secretion which results to a decrease in blood calcium levels

a condition that happens when the parathyroid gland is inactive which causes symptoms of nervousness, spasms, convulsions.

two small glands located superior to each kidney

two parts of Adrenal gland

produces the hormone Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

produces mineralocoticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

first class of hormones secreted by the outer layer of the adrenal cortex; helps regulate blood volume/levels

major hormone of first class; causes Na+ and water to be retained in the body and increases the rate at which K+ is eliminated

act as an enzyme; causes blood protein called angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I

protein causes angiotensin I to be converted to angiotensin II

causes smooth muscle in blood vessels to constrict; acts on the A. cortex to increase aldosterone secretion

second class of hormones secreted by middle layer of A. cortex; helps regulate blood nutrients levels

major hormone of 2nd class, increase the breakdown of proteins and lipids and increases their conversion to forms of energy the body can use; reduced inflammatory/immune response

reduce inflammation caused by injuries; reduce immune/inflammatory responses

bind to membrane-bound receptors and regulate the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

third class of hormones secreted by the inner layer of A.cortex; stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics

dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas; secrete three hormones: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

Pancreatic Islets has four types of cells:

This type of Pancreatic Islets secretes glucagon

A) Beta Cells (B Cells)
B) F Cells
C) Delta Cells (D Cells)
D) Alpha Cells (A Cells)

This type of Pancreatic Islets secretes insulin

A) F Cells
B) Alpha Cells (A Cells)
C) Delta Cells (D Cells)
D) Beta Cells (B Cells)

This type of Pancreatic Islets secretes somatostatin

A) Alpha Cells (A Cells)
B) F Cells
C) Beta Cells (B Cells)
D) Delta Cells (D Cells)

This type of Pancreatic Islets secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A) Alpha Cells (A Cells)
B) F Cells
C) Delta Cells (D Cells)
D) Beta Cells (B Cells)

a condition where the pH of the body fluids is below normal

response to the elevated blood glucose levels

area of the hypothalamus that controls appetite

when blood glucose levels are low

response to food intake

growth and development of the male reproductive structures; muscle enlargement; growth of body hair; voice changes; male sexual drive

development and function of female reproductive structures and other female sexual characteristics                                    - enlargement of breasts and distribution of adipose tissue; female menstrual cycle

located posterior to the sternum between lungs, largest in infants and children; produces thymosin (WBC. immune system)

found on the third ventricle of the brain;
secretory cells called pinealocytes;
secretes melatonin (body’s wake and sleep cycles)

intercellular signals; autocrine and paracrine chemical signals; cause relaxation or contraction of smooth muscle; role in inflammation, blood vessel dilation

secreted by kidneys, in response to reduced oxygen levels in the kidney; acts on bone marrow to increase the RBC production

– important source of hormones that maintain pregnancy and stimulate breast development

dysfunction of the posterior pituitary, due to defects in ADH receptors or inability to secrete ADH

results from hyposecretion of ADH (brain tumor, head trauma, brain surgery)

kidneys do not respond to ADH, kidneys nonfunctional or damaged

hypersecretion of cortisol by A.cortex; characterized by breakdown of muscle proteins and redistribution body fat

caused by an inability to produce or use insulin

excessive urine production

excessive thirst

excessive eating

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus                                                                                - occurs because the person’s immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus                                                                        -more common, representing 90% of all cases; often occurs in obese people who are over age 35