-
#2 cause of death in the US
cancer
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molecule that PET scans detect
fluorodeoxyglucose
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lymphocytes that can attack tumor cells independent of antigens
NK cells
-
Lymphocytes that need antigen/MHC complex to attack tumor
T cells
-
Replacement of one tissue with another (GERD squamous epithelium to columnar gastric tissue)
Metaplasia
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Altered size, shape, and organization of cells (Barretts)
Dysplasia
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Tumor marker for colon ca
CEA
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Tumor marker for liver Ca
AFP
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Tumor marker for pancreatic cancer
CA 19-9
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Tumor marker for ovarian ca
CA 125
-
Tumor marker for prostate cancer
PSA
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Tumor marker for small cell lung ca and neuroblastoma
NSE
-
Tumor marker for breast cancer
BRCA 1 and 2
-
-
-
-
time between exposure and formation of clinically detectable tumor
latency period
-
act of carcinogen interacting with DNA
initiation
-
causes of neoplasms (3)
carcinogenesis, viruses, immunodeficiency
-
human genes with malignant potential
proto-oncogenes
-
most vulnerable stage of cell cycle for XRT
M phase
-
Main damage target of oxygen radicals
DNA
-
Reasons to use fractionated radiation doses (3)
Allows repair of normal cells, reoxygenation of tumor, and redistribution of tumor cells in the cell cycle
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Most radiosensitive tumors (2)
Seminomas, lymphomas
-
Least radiosensitive tumors (2)
Epithelial, sarcoma
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Organs with highest sensitivity to XRT (4)
Kidneys, lungs, liver, lymphocytes
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Source of radiation in or next to tumor (Au 198, I-128); delivers high concentrated doses
Brachytherapy
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Cell cycle-specific agents (2)
5FU, methotrexate
-
agents that exhibit plateau in cell-killing ability
cell cycle-specific agents
-
agents with a linear response to cell killing
cell cycle-nonspecific agents
-
risk of blood clots in tamoxifen
1%
-
risk of endometrial cancer in tamoxifen
1%
-
chemotherapy that promotes microtubule function and stabilization, causing cell rupture
taxol
-
chemotherapy that causes pulmonary fibrosis (2)
bleomycin, busulfan
-
toxicities of cisplatin (3)
nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, ototoxic
-
toxicities of carboplatin (1)
myelosuppression
-
toxicities of vincristine (1)
neurotoxic (peripheral neuropathy)
-
toxicities of vinblastine (1)
myeloid suppression
-
chemotherapy type that transfers alkyl groups to form covalent bonds
alkylating agents
-
alkylating agents (2)
cyclophosphamide, isofosfamide
-
anthelminthic drug thought to stimulate immune system against cancer
levamisole
-
chemotherapy that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, which inhibits purine and DNA synthesis
methotrexate
-
method of decreasing folate to reverse effect of methotrexate
leukovorin rescue
-
DNA intercalator causing O2 radical formation
Doxorubicin
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Chemotherapeutic that inhibits topoisomerase
Etoposide (VP16)
-
Chemotherapeutics causing least myelosuppression (4)
Bleomycin, vincristine, busulfan, cisplatin
-
Drug used for neutrophil recovery after chemo
GCSF
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Instances where a normal organ is resected to prevent cancer (3)
Colon (FAP), breast (BRCA1/2), thyroid (RET or MEN 2a)
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Tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 13 involved in the cell cycle
Retinoblastoma
-
Tumor suppressor on chromosome 17 involved in apoptosis
P53
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Tumor suppressor on chromosome 5, involved with cell adhesion and cytoskeleton function
APC
-
Tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 18, involved in cell adhesion
DCC
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Proto-oncogene; G protein defect
Ras
-
Proto-oncogene; tyrosine kinase defect
Src
-
Proto-oncogene; platelet derived growth factor receptor defect
Sis
-
Proto-oncogene; EGFR defect
Erb B
-
Proto-oncogene family of nuclear factors
Myc
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Defect in p53 gene causing childhood sarcoma, breast ca, brain ca, leukemia, adrenal ca
Li Fraumeni syndrome
-
Cancer associated with Ret proto-oncogene
Medullary thyroid cancer
-
Genes involved in colon cancer development (4)
APC, p53, DCC, K-ras
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Carcinogen causing laryngeal, skin, and bronchial cancer
Coal tar
-
Carcinogen causing urinary cancer
Beta-naphthylamine
-
Carcinogen causing leukemias
Benzene
-
Carcinogen causing mesothelioma
Asbestos
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Cancer associated with suspicious supraclavicular nodes (4)
Breast, stomach, lung, pancreas
-
Cancer associated with suspicious axillary nodes (3)
Lymphoma, breast, melanoma
-
Cancer associated with suspicious periumbilical nodes (1)
Pancreas
-
Periumbilical node
Sister Mary Joseph�s node
-
Cancer associated with ovarian metastasis
Stomach (krukenberg), colon
-
Cancer associated with bone metastasis (2)
Breast, prostate
-
Cancer associated with skin metastasis (2)
Breast, melanoma
-
Cancer associated with small bowel metastasis (1)
Melanoma
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Tumors amenable to en bloc resection (3)
Colon, adrenal, gastric
-
Survival rate of colon ca with liver mets
25% 5-year
-
most successfully cured mets with surgery (3)
colon to liver, sarcoma to lung, melanoma to lung
-
HIV related malignancies (2)
Kaposi�s sarcoma, non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma
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