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IBHS Test2: RICHARD1
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Steam Punk
blending of the old and the new
different categories of stem cells
Pre-Blastocyst Stem Cells
Embryonic->Adult stem cells
each cell can develop into ANY cell type
Totipotent
each cell can develop into a LIMITED selection of cell types
Pluripotent (slightly differentiated)
where do new cells come from?
Stem Cells
pre-blastocyst Stem Cells
Totipotent
embryonic->Adult Stem Cells
Pluripotent
stem cells inside bone marrow
Hematopoetic stem cells
what cells can come from hematopoetic stem cell?
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Platelets
RBCs
Plasma Cells
T Cells
NK cells
IMMORTAL cells
Stem Cells
different sources used for stem cells
Bone Marrow
Contemporary Stem Cell Therapies
Bone Marrow Transplantation
what is chemotherapy?
Systemic toxin that inhibits cells that divide rapidly?
will inhibit many stem cell types
Anemia
lack of Fe in blood
means they need more RBCs
good/bad about
Bone Marrow Transplant
Good
: Concentrated source of hematopoietic stem cells
Bad
: Needs to be close genetic match AND Painfull
good/bad about
Blood Transplant
Good
: less painful than Bone Marrow transplant
Bad
: Needs to be close genetic match AND dilute source
good/bad about
Cord Blood
(from newborn baby)
Good
: Concentrated source of hematopoietic stem cells
Real Good
: Does not need to be as close of a genetic match!
why? B/c not as differentiated as an adult.
pros/cons about
Embryonic Stem Cells
Pros
: easy to isolate
easy to coax to another cell type
Cons
: Controversy of sourced
Surplus blastocysts from IVF treatments
Aborted or miscarried embryos/fetuses
pros/cons about
Adult stem cells
Pros
: Less controversy about sources (found in most tissues)
Cons
: Hard to isolate,
Less easy to coax to another cell type
general controversies about stem cells
very political-abortion
whether scientists can use stem cells from
aborted or miscarried embryos/fetuses
surplus blastocysts from IVF treatments.
2001
isolated adult stem cells from Liposuctioned fat
2006
(nature) isolated single stem cell from embryo without harming it
2007
(Nature Biotech) isolated embryonic stem cells from HUMAN AMNIOTIC FLUID
(Science) Isolated stem cells from newborn foreskin cells
(J of Translat. Med) Isolated adult stem cells from menstruated endometrium
(Cell) Coaxed Adult Cheek Cell into 200 different cell types
where are stem cells in your body?
EVERYWHERE
potential Stem cell therapies
Human Neuronal Cells for:
Parkinsons
Spinal Cord injury
Alzheimers
theory of stem cells as origins of cancer
when they loose regulation can become cancer
confirmed
: they are the source of many cancers.
Leukemia (way too many WBCs)(hematopoietic stem cells)
Breast Cancer
Brain Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Colon Cancer
Pancreatic cancer
difference between proliferation and differentiation
Proliferation is multiplying rapidly vs.
Differentiation is cells becoming specialized to perform specific jobs.
proliferation
multiplying rapidly
differentiation
Differentiation is cells becoming specialized to perform specific jobs.
different from cell before
something external comes along and kills cells
NECROSIS
new cell type
cancer
apo
case of
ptosis
drooping eyelids
apoptosis
normal cellular death
Which cells live the entire lifetime of the organism?
Oocytes (eggs)
Neurons
Muscle cells
how long do bone cells live?
~25 years
how long do lymphocytes live (WBCs)?
~1 year
How long do RBCs live?
~120 days=4months (then liver breaks down)
How long do skin cells live?
~1 month
How long do platelets live?
~10 days
How long do colon cells live?
~3 days
How long do stomach cells live?
~2 days
How long do spermatozoa live?
~2 days
Cellular Life and Death:
Longest to
Shortest (cell life)
Oocytes, Neurons, Muscle Cells
Bone Cells
Lymphocytes
RBCs
Skin Cells
Plateletts
Colon Cells
Stomach Cells
Spermatozoa
Important to life of an organism
Cell Death
Why do colon cells only live a few days?
Bacteria
Enzymes
cellular Homicide or
traumatic accident
Necrosis
fast death
kill and spill
Necrosis
response from Necrosis
Inflammation
what causes inflammation
WBCs rush over to clean up cell death
water comes in
response from Apoptosis
minimal
macrophages come along
envelop it.
break up more
death due to Old age or "seppuku"
natural and purposeful
apoptosis
programmed cell death
apoptosis
Why would cells want to die?
Apoptosis
:
Old age
senses Mutations
senses chemicals
senses microbes invade
KNOWS it needs to DIE to protect body.
Necrosis
:
Physical/Mechanical
Chemicals
Microbes invade
Seppuku
Hari Kari
Japanese warriors killing themselves for the greater good.
Stem Cells vs.
Tumor Cells
SIMILAR:
High Rate of Proliferation
May remain Quiescent for long time
Resistant to Apoptosis
1)enhanced Telomerase activity
2)Enhanced DNA repair activities
3)membrane bound transporters that
exclude foreign antigens
better and more so than other cell types
DIFFERENT:
May not replicate for a long time until triggered
Quiescent
Why is it so bad that stem cells may be the cause of all tumor cells?
their high rate of proliferation
may remain quiescent for long time
Resistance to Apoptosis
makes them extremely difficult to kill!
-resistant to chemotherapeutic agents
-you must come close to killing the patient to kill the cancer
only difference between stem cells and tumor cells is
ABNORMAL
benign
Good
REMAINS WITHIN CONNECTIVE TISSUE AREA
less threatening, can be removed via surgery
technically
NOT
Cancer
malignant
spreads to other tissues
More threatening than benign. difficult to remove
technically CANCER
TUMOR
(NEOPLASM)
-a mass or swelling produced by
abnormal
cell growth and division
how many tumor types?
100+ known. (about 100 types of stem cells)
***tumor of any epithelial cells
***Carcinoma
tumor of glandular epithelia
ADENOCARCINOMA
Tumor of Connective Tissue
Leukemia-WBCs and precursors
Chondroma-cartilage
Osteoma-bone
how do you say malignant?
--SARCOMA
how does a malignant tumor spread to other sites?
gets into the circulation.
difference between cancer incidence and mortality with high/low examples of each
carcinogens and affected tissue types
difference between benign and malignant neoplasms
benign
malignant
pathophisiology of cancer
how do oncogenes create cancer cells?
explain and give examples of different cancer types
general methods of cancer identification and treatment
Cancer
rapidly growing mass of tissue that
invades surrounding tissues
escapes immune surveillance
connects itself to the blood supply of the host
steals glucose and oxygen
interferes with adjacent organs
makes the host sick
possibly leads to death of host
how many different cell types are in a normal healthy adult/baby at birth?
300 cell types
anti-cancer drugsand how they interfere with DNA or cell replication
Pro-hormone drug
Prednisone
corticosteroid that inhibits cytokine production
Prednisone
Anti-hormone
Tamoxifen
estrogen receptor antagonist for some tissues
Tamoxifen
Anti-tumor cell surface
Trastuzumab
Trastuzumab
Antibody that binds to HER2 on breast cancer cells
Anti-tumor cell signaling
Imatinib
Imatinib
Inhibits a tyrosine kinase
Anti-mitosis
Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel
Inhibits tubulin from depolymerizing
Anti-metabolites
Methotrexate
6-Mercaptopurine
5-Fluorouracil
Irinotecan
Etoposide
Inhibits formulation of precursors of nucleotides
Methotrexate
Inhibits purine synthesis
6-mercaptopurine
Inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis
5-fluorouracil
Inhibits Toposiomerase I
Irinotecan
Inhibits Topoisomerase II
Etoposide
Anti-DNA
Cyclophosphamide
Cisplatin
Doxyrubicin
Bleomycin
Cross-links DNA
Cyclophosphamide
Cross-links DNA (RNA and protein also)
Cisplatin
Intercalates into DNA, inhibits Topoisomerase II
Doxorubicin
formulation of free radicals-> damages DNA
Bleomycin
Author
fellonalog
ID
34188
Card Set
IBHS Test2: RICHARD1
Description
Dr. Richard-StemCells&Cancer
Updated
2010-09-14T04:24:23Z
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