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What is motivation?
"...an inner state that energises, channels and sustains human behaviour to achieve goals"
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What is tourist motivation?
"The total network of biological and cultural forces which give value and direction to travel choice, behaviour and experience"
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What are needs, wants, motives, goals, and desires?
- Needs - deficiency in terms of requirement
- Want - those needs that a person is aware of
- Motive - an unobservable inner force that stimulates adn compels action to satisfy a want (why we do things)
- Goals - sought after objectives of motivation (motives are built around goals and solutions)
- Desires - passions that involve longing and fervent wishing for something
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What is the link between motives and rewards?
- "A reward is presented after the occurrence of an action (behaviour) with the intent to cause the behviour to occur again"
- repetitive action-reward combination can cause the action to become a habit
- rewards can be intrinsic or extrinsic
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What are intrinsic rewards?
- Internal to the person
- e.g. satisfaction or a feeling of accomplishment
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What are extrinsic rewards?
- External to the person
- e.g. praise or money
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What are some components of tourism and leisure demand?
- Affordability/cost
- Seasonality
- Work commitments
- Family life cycle stage
- Accessibility
- Health & well-being
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Why study tourist motivation in travel and leisure?
- Provide clues as to effective promotional strategies
- Provide clues as to effective product design
- Increasing likelihood of achieving visitor satisfaction
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Who are the stakeholders in motivation studies?
- Destination marketing organisations
- Transport providers
- Accommodation & attraction providers
- Event Planners
- Providers of leisure facilities
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What are some factors that shape tourist motivation?
- Personality
- Lifestyle
- Values
- Past experiences
- Perceptions
- Self-concept
- Life cycle stage
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What is Maslows Heirarchy of Needs?
- Physiological - breathing, food, water, sex, sleep
- Safety - security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property
- Love/Belonging - friendship, family, sexual intimacy
- Esteem - self-esteem, confidence, achievement respect of and by others
- Self Actualization - morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice
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What are the four premises of Maslow's Heirarchy?
- 1. All humans acquire a similar set of motices through genetic endowment and social interaction
- 2. Some motives are more basic or critical than others
- 3. The more basic motives must be satisfied to a minimum level before other motives are activated
- 4. As the basic motive become satisfied, more advanced motives come into play
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What relevance does Maslows Heirarchy have to leisure?
Where does leisure fall under the needs heirarchy?
- Provides a framework for describing when and under what conditions leisure is important
- Leisure is unimportant until at least the physiological, safety and security needs have been satisfied
- Leisure is seen as important for the satisfaction of social, self-esteem, ego and self actualization needs
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What are the three criticisms of Maslows Heirarchy?
- The application is too simplistic: It is possible for the same product or activity to satisfy every need
- Culture-bound: The assumptions of hte hierarchy may be restricted to Western culture
- Emphasizes individual needs over group needs: Individuals in some cultures place more value on the welfare of the group than individually
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What was Dann (1977) the first to identify?
The role of push and pull factors - push always precede pull
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What are the two dominant push factors under Dann's theory?
Anomie and Ego-enhancement
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What is the Anomie push factor described by Dann?
- Anomie - the need to escape routine & the isolation of day to day life, a desire to get away from it all
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What is the Ego-enhancement push factor described by Dann?
Ego-enhancement - the need for recognition, which can be obtained as a result of the status associated with travel
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Under Crompton's theory (1979), what are the 7 push factors?
- Escape
- Exploration & evaluation of self
- Relaxation
- Prestige
- Regression
- Enhancement of relationships
- Social Interaction
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Under Cromton's theory, what are the two pull factors?
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What are some challenges in measuring motivation?
- People may not wish to reveal true motivations
- people may have difficulty in recognising motives
- People may be unwilling to particpate meaningfully
- People may have conflicting motives
- Contradictions between motives and actions
- Multiple motivations
- Shared motivations and influence over others
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What are emotions?
"Affective responses that reflect the activation within the consumer of beliefs that are deep-seated and value-laden"
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What are the three dimensions under which emotions can be classified?
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What are some emotions that fall under the dimension of Pleasure?
- Duty
- Faith
- Affection
- Serenity
- Desire
- Joy
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What are some emotions that fall under the dimension of Arousal?
- Interest
- Surprise
- Involvement
- Distraction
- Contempt
- Hypoactivation
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What are some emotions that fall under the dimension of Dominance?
- Conflict
- Guilt
- Shame
- Anger
- Helplessness
- Disgust
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What are moods?
"An affective state that is general and persuasive"
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What two settings are consumer moods induced in?
- Service encounters - transaction mechanics, service personnel, physical setting
- Marketing - media placement (meduim is part of the message) message aspects (claims, emotional music, pictures)
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