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Number of cranial nerves in the human body
12
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Sensitivity phase given by M0 M2 S G1 G2
Late M and G2 (S is least sensitive)
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What system is the most sensitive to radiation?
Hemopoetic
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The bones of the forearm are known as?
Radius and Ulna
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
Atop the kidneys
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Volume of blood in the human body
~5 liters
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How many lobes are in the lung?
5 (3 Right, 2 Left)
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How many lobes of the liver?
4
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Where are erythrocytes produced?
Red bone marrow
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What is the illiac crest landmark?
L4-L5
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Oxygen enters blood in the lungs by what method?
Passive diffusion
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The liver gets its blood from what vein
Hepatic Portal Vein
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Name the gallbladder function
Store and secrete bile into duodenum
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Function of the liver?
Detoxification, protein synthesis, production of biochemicals necessary for digestion
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Circulatory path of the human body
Body > Vena Cava > Right Atrium > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Artery > Lungs > Pulmonary Vein > Left Atrium > Left Ventricle > Aorta > Body
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Small intestine sequence
Duodenum, Jejunum, Illeum
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Nutrients are absorbed in what part of the digestive tract?
Small intestines (jejunum)
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What is thallium given for?
Heart stress test, nuclear cardiography
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Gallbladder imaging is done by what modality?
Ultrasound
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
Motor control
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The two parts of the cerebrum are connected by which part of the brain?
Corpus Callosum
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Where are alveoli situated?
At the ends of the bronchioles in the lungs
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Hiatal Hernia-- Modality used for imaging?
- Stomach sticks up into chest through diaphragm.
- Upper GI, endoscopy, including barium contrast.
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What is stroke associated with?
- Blood clot in brain
- Brain death
- Lack of blood flow caused by thrombosis ( arterial embolism) or hemorrhage (leakage of blood)
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What does transurethral resection mean?
- Simultaneous visualization and resection of tissue through urethra by electrocautery or sharp dissection
- Usually used for enlarged prostate that blocks urethra
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Where is the foramen magnum located?
- Base of skull
- Opening at base of skull for the brain stem
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What is liver hypertension known as?
Portal hypertension, cirrhosis of the liver that causes blood to get backed up in the liver blood vessels
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Where are the islets of Langerhans located?
- Pancreas
- Creates insulin, glucagon, and other hormones
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Location and function of the lacrimal glands?
- Upper outer portion of each orbit
- Produces tears
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What is the cauda-equina?
- Bundle of nerves coming off of the spinal cord at the end
- Lumbar and sacral nerves
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At what vertebral level is the caudal end of the spinal cord in humans?
L1-L2
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1 Sv low LET effect; 1 Gy to testes of 20-year old, what is the effect?
- Temporary sterility
- About 1 year to recover
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What are the 4R's of radiobiology?
- Repair
- Repopulation
- Reassortment
- Reoxygenation
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Location of the spleen?
- Anterior aspect of stomach
- Under diaphragm
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What does the spleen do besides filter out old blood cells?
- Stores products
- Stores blood platelets
- Blood reservoir
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What is stenosis?
Stenosis is narrowing of blood vessels or bone cavities
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Name of a tumor in the tissue surrounding the brain
Meningioma
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Where's the Corpus Callosum?
- Center of brain
- Under cerebral cortex
- Longitudinal fissure connecting right and left cerebral hemispheres
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What does the hypothalamus do/or excrete?
- Control center of the body
- Controls pituitary output by secreting specific chemicals to pituitary's front lobe
- Also controls body weight and appetite
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What is the side effect of giving too much dose to the parotids?
Dry mouth (xerostomia)
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The most probable side effect of giving 20 mSv to an 8-15 week old is?
Mental retardation
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Minimal dose required for transient erythema?
2 Gy
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Dose Required for GI syndrome?
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What is the peritoneum?
- Lining of the abdominal cavity
- Membrane
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What modality gives the most skin dose?
CT or Fluoro
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What is an embolism?
Blood clot that is a result of an embolus (a detached intravascular mass capable of clogging arterial capillary beds at a site far from its origin
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What do alveoli do?
Absorb oxygen and release CO2 and water
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Where does blood go to after leaving the left ventricle of the heart?
Aorta
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What do you call a muscle that doesn't contract as much as it should?
Hypokinetic
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Possible type of cancer a child will get if irradiated during fetal stage
Leukemia
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Another name for cell death
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What is the single target single hit model
SF = e^-(D/Do)
Do = the mean lethal dose
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What is the master gland?
Pituitary gland
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What is a metastasis?
Cancer cells that have the originating organ and attached and proliferated at a distant organ
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Where does breast cancer metastasize first?
Axillary lymph nodes
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What type of secondary cancer will show up the earliest due to radiation treatment?
Leukemia
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What is the vessel that helps to get nutrients to the liver (blood vessel)
Hepatic portal artery and vein
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What is the linear no-threshold theory?
- More dose is more cancer risk
- No threshold of dose for effect
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Injury to the Brachial Plexus affects what?
- Nerves of the ipsilateral arm
- Paralysis of arm
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What part of the eye is most sensitive to radiation?
Eye
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Which part of the eye responds to visual stimulus?
Retina
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Types of cancer in the brain (along the lines of what type)
- Glioblastoma (glial cells - non-neural cells like myelin)
- Meningioma (meninges)
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Where is the location of the optic chiasm?
- Center of head behind the eyes
- Diencephalon
- Immediately below and anterior to the Hypothalamus
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What is the long bone in the Lower leg
Tibia
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How many vertebrae in the cervical spine?
7
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How many vertebrae in the thoracic spine?
12
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How many vertebrae in the lumbar spine?
5
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Sacrum is fusion of ___ bones?
5
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Coccyx is fusion of ___ bones?
4
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Type of scan to stage lung cancer?
PET/CT
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What is the most common effect of fetal irradiation post organogenesis?
Mental retardation
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The opening in the diaphragm allows the passage of what three organs?
- Aorta
- Inferior Vena Cava
- Esophagus
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Where is the pineal gland?
- Behind the diencephalon
- Behind the Thalamus
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In men, what cancer is most likely to metastasize to bone?
Prostate cancer
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Where does the vena cava dump?
Right atrium
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What has the most oxygenated blood flowing through it?
Pulmonary vein
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Where is CSF created?
Choroid Plexus
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What do you call material in the blood stream that will clog an artery?
Embolus
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What is the main function of the spleen?
- Cleans blood
- Removes old blood cells
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What cell in the body is most radiosensitive?
Lymphocytes (White blood cells)
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What organ(s) produce bile?
- Liver
- Stored in gallbladder
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What is joint lubrication fluid known as?
Synovial Fluid
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When does organogenesis occur?
2-8 weeks
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The purpose of taking a creatinine reading of somebody before you give them contrast is to ensure the patient doesn't do what?
Kidney failure is a risk for certain patients with low creatinine if given contrast for imaging
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Pleural effusion is what?
Fluid accumulation in the pleura (linings of the lung)
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What lymph nodes are usually removed with a mastectomy?
Axillary lymph nodes
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What is the term for programmed cell death?
Apoptosis
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After irradiation, mature germs cells will go through heightened activity then sterility, as opposed to immature germs cells, Why?
- "Heightened activity" from enhance differentiation
- Mature cells are more radioresistant than immature cells
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What are the units of LET?
keV/micro meter
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What tumor has the highest CT number?
Bone tumor (osteosarcoma)
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What is grey matter?
- Functional brain cells
- Nerve nuclei
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What is a Sestamibi scan?
- Imaging for hyperthyroidism with nuclear medicine
- Uses Tc-99m
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Where are glomeruli?
Kidneys (inside the nephrons)
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Most radiosensitive part of cell division?
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An EEG measures what?
Electrical activity of the brain
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A dry mouth is caused by irradiating what part of the body?
- Salivary glands
- Parotids
- Submandibular glands
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What is the function of the prostate?
Create alkaline fluid for semen
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What is the most stable byproduct of hydrolysis?
H2N2
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What is the circle of Willis and where is it located?
- Arterial blood vessels in the brain
- Located midbrain
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The suffix -ectomy means what?
Removal (usually through surgery)
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The left atrium empties into what?
Left ventricle
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What type of tissue is usually involved in breast cancer?
- Ductal tissue (mammary gland ducts)
- Epithelial tissue
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What is the earliest visible effect of radiation?
Erythema (redness of skin)
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What is the increased risk of cancer after X Gy of irradiation/
5% per Sv (NCRP 116)
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What is telangiectasia? How long after radiation would you observe in a patient?
- Dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes
- >1 year
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Where is estrogen produced?
Ovaries
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Visual association occurs where?
Occipital lobe
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What produces digestive juices?
Pancreas
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What is fibromyalgia?
- Increased sensitivity to pressure and touch
- Causes chronic pain in muscles, etc.
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Bones of the feet
- Calcaneus
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Talus
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A TBI of 1 Sv will cause ____?
Lower lymphocyte count
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Intravascular brachytherapy uses what isotope?
Ir-192
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Given _____ would make one hypoglycemic
Insulin
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What is fibrosis?
Scar tissue
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____ can cause a diagnostic complication.
Contrast allergies (Iodine allergy)
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A fetus will receive the most dose from what type of scan?
CT scans or Fluoroscopy
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Which imaging modality for virtual colonoscopy?
CT scan
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Plasma volume in the blood?
55%
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Meiosis is the production of ____.
Gametes (sex cells)
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Essential minerals of the human body.
Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cl, S
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Teratogenic means _______.
Can cause birth defects
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What is the shallow equivalent dose depth?
.007 cm
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What marks the point where the trachea and bronchi meet?
Carina
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What does stereotaxis refer to?
3D localization
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What can measure magnetic field created by the brain?
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) with SQUID
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What is 'skyshine' in radiation shielding?
Backscattered radiation from the air/atmosphere
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What model has no threshold and is a function of dose?
Stochastic
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What is the result after damage to the optic chiasm?
Blindness
-
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What quadrant is breast cancer most likely?
Upper outer quadrant
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What can cardiac angiography detect?
Stenosis
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Damage to what part of the inner ear affects balance?
- Semicircular canals
- Vestibular apparatus
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What is osteoporosis?
Lowered bone density
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What is BPH related to?
- Prostate enlargement
- Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
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What can doppler ultrasound detect?
Air interfaces, calcifications in tissue, etc.
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Are less differentiated cells more or less radiosensitive than more differentiated cells?
Less differentiated cells are more radiosensitive than more differentiated cells
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What's brain metabolism substrate?
glucose
-
What gland controls the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
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What is 180 degrees opposite to LAO?
Right posterior oblique (RPO)
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Sentinel event in a cardiac catheterization is due to overexposure of which skin entrance dose?
- Sentinel event is an event that results in severe damage or death to the patient
- Misdelivery, overdosage (>25%), or treatment of wrong organ, etc.
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What is a normal size prostate?
30-40 cubic centimeters
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100 Gy acute dose, what type of death?
CNS syndrome
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If each of two arms of chromatin gets a break, what's the most likely result?
Anaphase bridge or ring if it's a chromatid
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What is the location of the Umbilicus with respect to vertebral bodies?
L3-L4 at the level of the navel
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What is the half life lower limit you have to test leakage?
<30 days
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Name a tumor of the pituitary gland?
Noncancerous growth (adenoma)
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Larynx is close to what vertebrae?
C3-C6
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What is the depth of the lens dose equivalent (LED)?
0.3 cm
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What is the transport index (TI) for a package containing radioactive material?
Multiple of 0.01 mSv/hr at 1 m (e.g. 0.1 mSv/hr --> TI = 10)
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The rationale for fractionation is because ____
Normal tissue repairs faster than cancerous tissue
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Gleason score is staging for what type of cancer?
Prostate
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How many temporal lobes does the brain have?
2 (left and right)
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Ligaments of the knee include _______.
MCL, ACL, PCL, LCL
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What is the best technique for imaging multiple sclerosis?
MRI
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Which cancer has the shortest latency period?
Leukemia
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Stereotactic radiosurgery is best for what?
Lung and brain tumors
-
Buccal cavity is another name for?
Mouth
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ICRP defined the dose over 50 years in a given tissue after intake of a radionuclide, which is called?
Committed Dose
-
Radiation leakage is defined as?
Dose at 1m away from sealed source
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What mineral is used by nerve cells to stimulate skeletal muscle?
Calcium
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If a patient has been exposed to Radium, where will Radon be detected?
Lungs, sweat, feces
-
Low LET radiation is correlated to cell killing using which parameter?
Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)
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Ionizing radiation causes damage to?
DNA
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Location of pineal gland?
- Located just rostro-dorsal to the superior colliculus and behind and beneath the stria medullaris
- Between the laterally positioned thalamic bodies
- It is part of the epithalamus
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Lose equilibrium is due to the damage of?
-
A congenital abnormality is most likely to occur if irradiation during which time frame?
2-8 weeks
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Minimum dose to induce CNS death?
50 Gy
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Location of the vocal cords
Within the larynx at the top of the trachea
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