In ___, of Ancient Greece, approximately ___ BCE marked the birth of philosophy
Athens, ---- 600
What happened in Athens, 600 BCE ago?
marked the birth of Philosophy
Philosophy literally means _____
love of wisdom
Greek philosophers in Miletus chose to seek natural explanation, they observed changes in the world by understanding the __________ that led them to the ____________
laws of nature --------- idea of permanence
who are the big three in ancient Greek philosophers
1) Socrates
2)Plato
3) Aristotle
He was the mentor of Plato
Socrates
Plato was the mentor of ?
Aristotle
____ was the center of western thought
Athens
Athenians settle arguments by :?
1) discussion
2) debate
People who are skilled in discussions and debate are called __
Sophists
They were the first teachers of the West
Sophists
TRUE OR FALSE
Socrates came before the sophists
False - after
He was a stonemason with a sharp mind
Socrates
He wanted to discover the essential nature of knowledge, justice, beauty, and goodness
Socrates
TRUE or FALSE
Socrates was not a writer
TRUE
This were the thoughts of Socrates and they were known through Plato's writing
The Dialogues
When Socrates was idolized by athenians, ____ were angered and they brought Socrates to trial
Sophists
This was Socrates' method for discovering what is essential in the world and in people
Socratic or dialectic method
Socratic method is involved in the search for the ____ definition
correct or proper
TRUE or FALSE
Socrates would not ask question instead he would lecture and engage in a discussion
FALSE - would not lecture but ASK
What is the goal of Socratic Method?
To bring the person closer to the final understanding
TRUE or FALSE
Socrates would begin by acting as if he did not know anything
TRUE
What is the famous statement of Socrates that he fully lived by
the unexamined life is not worth living
Socrates believed in his mission and that was to?
to seek the highest knowledge
How to get in touch with the true self?
by touching of the soul
He named Socrates as the wisest of all men
Delphi Oracle
Why was Socrates the wisest?
He was the only one who knew that he did not know
Aim of Socratic Method is?
to make people think, seek, and ask again and again
What is the real name of Plato?
Aristocles
He was born in Athens to one of Greece's aristocratic families
PLATO
He was nicknamed plato because of his physical built which means
wide/broad
How many years did PLato left athens?
12 years
When Plato returned to athens, he established the school known as ___
The Academy
TRUE or FALSE
To Socrates and Plato, philosophy was the only analyses
FALSE - it was the way of life
It is the philosophical study on the causes and nature of things
Metaphysics
Plato's metaphysics is known as
Theory of Forms
In Theory of Forms, Plato explained that Forms refers to ___
what are real
3 characteristics of Plato's forms
1) Ageless
2) Unchanging
3) Unmoving and indivisible
Plato also introduced to the West the existence of 2 realms known as ____
Plato's dualism
What are Plato's Dualism
1) The realm of the Shadows
2) The realm of Forms
this realm is composed of changing, sensible things which are lesser entities and therefore imperfect and flawed
the realm of shadows
this realm is composed of eternal things which are permanent and perfect
the realm of forms
this realm is the source of all reality and true knowledge
the realm of forms
Plato describe the soul as having 3 components
1) The Reason
2) The Spirited
3) The Appetites
it is rational and is the motivation for goodness and truth
The Reason
it is non rational and is the will or the drive toward action
The Spirited
are irrational and lean towards the desire for pleasure
The Appetites
this seeks the true goal of man which is to see things in their true nature
Reason
These two components of soul want worldly pleasure
spirited and appetites
Plato illustrated his philosophy of the search of knowledge using the ______
Allegory of the cave
In knowing the truth, the person must become the truth. this is his ____
Theory of Being
It is the force that paves the way for all beings to ascend to higher stages of self realization and perfection
LOVE
After the fall of Hellenistic-Roman eras, _____ influence dominated western though
Christianity's
Christian philosophers were also ___
theologians
TRUE OR FALSE
Christian Philosophers did not believe that self knowledge were the ultimate goals of man
TRUE
According to christian philosophers, the ultimate goal of man is to ____
rely on God's commands
He became a priest and a bishop of Hippo
Augustine
2 realms of St. Augustine
1) God as the source of all reality and truth
2) The sinfulness of man
according to st. augustine the cause of sin is an act of ___
man's freewill
SINS:
love for physical objects lead to ___
excessive love for other people lead to ___
love for the self leads to ___
1) greed
2) jealousy
3) pride
He is known as Father of Modern Philosophy
Rene Descartes
He was considered as one of the Rationalist Philosophers of Europe
Rene Descartes
The rationalist apply ___ to their philosophy
scientific method and mathematics
Descartes introduced ___ method
Cartesian
He uses his dreams as a guide
Rene Descartes
Through math, descartes discovered that human mind has 2 powers which are __
1) Intuition
2) Deduction
it is the ability to apprehend direction of certain truths
Intuition
it is the power to discover what is not known by progressing in an orderly way from what is already known
deduction
TRUE or FALSE
truths are arrived at using a step by step process
TRUE
The truths that can be discovered are called ___
priori
He believed that philosophy should progress from simple ideas to complex ideas
Rene Descartes
I think thereform I am
Rene Descartes
He believes that t doubt is to think
Descartes
For him the soul and mind is separate from the body and bodily process are mechanical
Rene Descartes
Descartes states that a body is like a machine that is controlled by the ____ and aided by the ___
will ----- mind
He was born in Wrington England, he is the son of Puritan lawyer
John Locke
He published a book on the scope and limits of the human mind
John Locke
He published a book on the scope and limits of the human mind which played a significant role in the new era known as _____
Enlightenenment
John Locke published a book on the _____ of the human mind
scope and limits
He believed that knowledge results from ideas produced or objects that were experienced
John Locke
object that were experience
posteriori
The process in John Locke involves 2 forms:
1) sensation
2) reflection
Locke contended that idead are not innate but rather the mind at birth is a _______
tabula rasa
he states that a mind at birth is a tabula rasa (blank slate)
John Locke
He stated that "nothing exist in the mind that was not first in the senses"
John Locke
this has to do with choosing or willing the good
morality
3 laws according to locke
1) Law of opinion
2) Civil law
3) Divine law
where actions that are praiseworthy are called virtues and those that are not are called vices
Law of Opinion
where right actions are enforced by people in authority
Civil law
it is set by God and actions of man; deemed to be the true law of human behavior
Divine law
He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland
David Hume
He lost his faith and became cynical
David Hume
He was credited for giving empiricism its clearest formulation
hume
As he examined the process of how ideas are formed. he discovered the limitations of the mind and his optimism turned into ____
skepticism
Hume's analysis: mind receives materials from the senses and calls it ____
Perceptions
2 types of perceptions
1) Impressions
2) Ideas
these are immediate sensations of external reality; more vivid
Impressions
these are recollections of these impressions
Ideas
it has the ability to connect two ideas to form a complex idea
imagination
Hume formulated 3 principles on how idead relate to one another:
1) principle of Resemblance
2) principle of Contiguity
3) principle of Cause and Effect
Hume termed the soul as ____
the self
Sense impression was discovered by
David Hume
He stated: "the self is also a product of imagination"
"no such thing as personal identity"
no permanent/unchanging self"
David Hume
lived in Konisberg in East Prussia
Immanuel Kant
French philosopher Rousseau enabled him to formulate his philosophical ideas
Immanuel Kant
He is the founder of German Idealism
Immanuel Kant
Kant wrote 3 books
1) Critique of Pure Reason
2) Critique of Practical Reason
3) Critique of Judgement
He argued that the mind actively participates in knowing the objects it experiences
Immanuel Kant
TRUE or FALSE
according to kant, mind conforms the world
False - external world conforms the mind
Kant states that ____ is a result of human unerstanding applied to sense experience
knowledge
A self must exist or there could be no memory this is according to?
Immanuel Kant
experience of the self and it unity with objects is called?
transcendental apperception
He explained that we experience the self as unity of all impressions that are organized by the mind through perceptions
Immanuel Kant
He stated that the kingdom of God is within man. Man's duty to move towards perception
Kant
Austrian neurologists, considered as pioneering figure in the field of psychology
Sigmund Freud
According to Freud, repressed thoughts or memories have enough ____ to impose its control on the person's consciousness
psychic energy
These are repressed memories that resurface and manifested
hysteria
Who uses free association and dream analysis as methods in therapy
Sigmund Freud
Freud uses iceberg to show how the mind works called__
typography of the mind
tip of the iceberg in Freud's illustration is the ____
conscious awareness
3 levels of the mind
1) Id
2) Ego
3) Superego
structure that is based on the pleasure principle; demands immediate satisfaction
ID
structure that is based on reality principle; between the impulses of ID and restraints of superego
EGO
structure that is dependent on learning the difference between right and wrong; morality
Superego
He wrote the book Beyond the Pleasure Principle
Sigmund FReud
2 kinds of instincts
1) eros
2) thanatos
life instinct
eros
death instinct
thanatos
includes urges necessary for species survival like thirst, hunger, and sex
libido
english philosopher whose ideas contradicted Cartesian Dualism (Rene Descartes)
Gilbert Ryle
he wrote the book the concept of mind
Gilbert Ryle
he stigmatized the mind as the Ghost in the Machine
Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle mentioned that man is endowed with ___
freewill
TRUE or FALSE
Frewill involves a moral responsibily; action must be moral for it to be free
TRUE
Ryle has 2 types of knowledge
1) knowing-that
2) knowing-how
it is the usage of facts in the performance of skill or abilities
knowing how
it is empty intellectualism
knowing-that
TRUE or FALSE
Knowing involves an ability and not just an intellect
TRUE
Application of neurology to age-old problems in philosophy
Neurophilosophy
they are canadian philosopher
Patricia and Paul Churchland
this is the study of the philosophy of the mind, philosophy of science, neuroscience, and psychology
Philosophy of neuroscience
The central of their study is brain-mind
Patricia and Paul Churchland
In their study, there is no casual relationship between the brain and mind, some forms are overlapping exist between the two
Patricia and Paul Churchland
she claims that man's brain is responsible for the self
Patricia Churchland
___ states that the self is real, that it is a tool that helps us tune-in to the realities of the brain and it can malfunction
neurophilosophy
French Phenomenological philosopher
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
developed the concept of body-subject
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
the consciousness, the world and the human body ar all interconnected
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Phenomenology of Perception
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
The world is full of perception and human consciousness assigns meaning to the world
