-
colpo-
hystero-, metro-
salpingo-
oophor-
- vagina
- uterus
- fallopian tubes
- ovaries
-
what does neisseria gonorrhoeae cause
gonorrheal urethritis "the clap"
-
most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in young women
gonococci
-
treatment for herpes simplex 2
acyclovir
-
yeast infections (moniliasis) are usually caused by _______
candida albicans
-
predisposing factors for yeast infections (5)
- diabetic mellitus
- steroid use
- pregnancy
- oral contraceptives
- antibiotics
-
signs and symptoms of yeast infections (3)
- vaginitis
- leukorrhea--white viscous discharge
- white plaques
-
diagnosis of yeast infections
smear
-
treatment of yeast infections
antifungals--clotrimazole
-
cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (main cause + 5 more)
- extension of microorganisms beyond the uterus
- gonorrhea, spontaneous abortions, postpartum infections, chlamydia, IUDS
-
2 signs and symptoms of PID
- lower abdominal/pelvic pain
- dysmenorrhea
-
complications of PID
- peritonitis
- intestinal obstruction from adhesions
- bacteremia
- infertility
-
lichen sclerosis et atrophicus is also called _____
chronic atrophic vulvitis
-
what is lichen sclerosus? (chronic atrophic vulvitis)
abnormal growth of the vulvar skin
-
when is lichen sclerosus likely to occur?
after menopause
-
what is the cause of lichen sclerosus?
cause unknown
-
cause of condyloma acuminatum
sexually transmitted by virus
-
condyloma acuminatum has a strong association with which HPVs
6 and 11
-
T/F: condyloma acuminatum usually progresses to cancer
false
-
treatment of condyloma acuminatum
excision, electrosurgery, cryosurgery
-
over 90% of vulvar carcinomas are ______
squamous cell carcinomas
-
risk types for vulvar carcinoma
- younger patients
- smokers
- HPV infection
- co-existing cervical cancer
-
-
2 causes of vaginitis
- microbial infection
- post menopause atrophy and mucosal thinning
-
cervicitis is characterized by _______ or _____ discharge
mucopurulent or purulent
-
cervicitis is most likely associated with ______ infection
microbial
-
what microbe accounts for up to 40% of cervicitis cases?
C. trachomatis
-
how long is the typical duration of a new HPV infection?
8 months
-
____ is prevalent in 91% of cervical cancer
HPV
-
7 risk factors for CIN and cervical cancer
- early age at first intercourse
- multiple sex partners
- male partner with multiple previous sex partners
- multiple pregnancies
- low socio-economic status
- smoking
- HPV infection
-
many cervical cancers arise from _______ _______
precursor lesions
-
3 clinical features of CIN (cervical intraepithelial dysplasia)
- white or red patch
- abnormal pap smear
- colposcopy with acetic acid
-
E6 inactivates _____
E7 inactivates _____
-
progression to neoplasia requires integration of _____ into the host _____
HPV into the host genome
-
progression to neoplasia permits uncontrolled _______
proliferation of host cells
-
95% of cervical carcinomas are _____
squamous cell carcinomas
-
clinical presentation of cervical carcinoma (3)
- fungating
- ulcerative
- infiltrative
-
is the HPV vaccine preventive or therapeutic?
preventive
-
what is the HPV vaccine made from
viral surface coat proteins
-
T/F: HPV vaccine is recommended for females and males 11-12 years old
true
-
what is endometritis
non-specific inflammation of the endometrium
-
what does endometritis usually involve
bacterial infections following parturition (childbirth) or miscarriage
-
5 causes of chronic endometritis
- chronic gonorhea infection
- tuberculosis
- postpartum or postabortal
- IUDs
- spontaneous
-
Endometriosis contains functioning endometrial tissue, thus undergoes ____ ______
cyclic bleeding
-
collection of blood in endometriosis forms _____ _____
chocolate cysts
-
endometriosis can lead to (4)
- fibrosis
- adhesions
- distortion of structures
- infertility
-
clinical features of endometriosis (6)
- discomfort
- pain on defecation
- dyspareunia
- dysuria
- dysmenorrhea
- pelvic pain
-
endometrial hyperplasia has excess _____ relative to _____
estrogen relative to progestin
-
endometrial hyperplasia results in _____
excessive and irregular uterine bleeding
-
endometrial polyps are _____ and _____
sessile and exophytic
-
what is the neoplastic component of endometrial polyps
stromal cells
-
when do endometrial polyps more commonly occur?
menopause
-
clinical significance of endometrial polyps
uterine bleeding
-
most common malignancy of female genital tract in industrialized countries
endometrial adenocarcinoma
-
4 risk factors for endometrial adenocarcinoma
- obesity/estrogens
- diabetes
- hypertension
- infertility
-
what is endometrial adenocarcinoma associated with
increased risk of breast cancer
-
3 clinical features of endometrial adenocarcinoma
- leukorrhea
- irregular bleeding
- palpable uterus
-
3 clinical features of leiomyoma
- asymptomatic
- menorrhagia
- large palpable masses
-
microscopic appearance of leiomyomas (3)
- smooth muscle
- well demarcated
- few mitotic figures
-
treatment of leiomyomas (4)
- excision
- embolize
- progestin IUD
- hysterectomy
-
what is leiomyosarcoma
cancer of smooth muscle cells
-
T/F: leiomyosarcomas are almost always solitary
true
-
what is the prognosis of leiomyosarcoma
frequent recurrence and metastasis
-
T/F: the very is a very common primary site for tumors
FALSE, it is very rare for the ovary to be the primary site for a tumor
-
what is a follicle and luteal cyst
enraptured graafian follicle or ruptured folic that immediately seals
-
where are follicle and luteal cysts usually located
subjacent to serosa
-
oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, excess estrogen, high LH, low FSH. what pathology is this?
polycystic ovarian syndrome
-
what are polycystic ovaries characterized by
multiple small subcortical cystic follicles
-
3 risk factors for ovarian tumors
-
______ _____ accounts for more deaths than cervix and uterus combined, but is ____ _____
- ovarian carcinoma
- less frequent
-
origin or teratomas
germ cell origin
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