-
what is hypospadias?
urethral opening on inferior surface of penis
-
what is epispadias?
urethral opening on superior surface of penis
-
what are the 3 complications of hypospadias and epispadias?
- restricted opening
- obstruction and UTI
- incontinence--involuntary urination
-
genital candidiasis is more common in _____
diabetics
-
clinical presentation of genital candidiasis (3)
- erosive
- painful
- intensely pruritic--urge to scratch
-
most neoplasms of the penis arise from _____ _____
squamous epithelium
-
T/F: neoplasma of the penis are relatively rare
TRUE, 0.25% of all cancers in males
-
neoplasms of the penis are most common in ________
uncircumcised males over age 40
-
possible risk factors for neoplasia of the penis (3)
- poor hygiene
- HPV-16 or HPV-18
- preceded by CIS--carcinoma in-situ
-
Bowen Disease:
clinical presentation
microscopic presentation
- red or white plaque
- carcinoma in-situ
-
Erythroplasia of Queyrat is also _________
what is the clinical presentation?
- carcinoma in-situ
- red patch on the glans
-
Verrucous Carcinoma is mostly ______
what is the clinical presentation? (2)
- exophytic
- rough and papillary
-
clinical presentation of carcinoma or the penis (3)
- squamous cell carcinoma
- gray, crusted, papular lesion
- indurated, ulcerated lesion
-
most cases of carcinoma of the penis are _____ and ______
- indolent (causing little or no pain)
- locally infiltrative
-
scrotum inflammation is due to _____
local fungus
-
neoplasms of the penis are _____ and caused by _______ _______
- rare
- environmental irritants (coal, tar, soot)
-
______ is a common cause of scrotal enlargement
hydrocele
-
what is hydrocele and what is it in response to?
accumulation of serous fluid in response to inflammation or nearby tumor
-
the 3 cell types found in the testes
- germ cells
- sertoli cells
- leydig cells
-
the testis is an analog of the female ______
ovary
-
majority of neoplasms of the testes are ___
germ cell tumors
-
what is cryptorchidism? where are they typically hidden?
- failure of the testis to completely descend
- abdominal cavity
-
temperature of the testes has to be _____ than the temperature of the body
lower
-
when do the testes of cryptorchid newborns typically descend?
within the first year
-
what is orchitis?
acute or chronic inflammation of the testes
-
common cause of orchitis
treatment of orchitis
- gram-negative bacteria, secondary to UTI
- treat the underlying infection
-
what disease is orchitis associated with
venereal disease
-
clinical and microscopic features of orchitis (3)
- swollen
- painful
- neutrophilic infiltrate
-
20% of adults infected with ______ get orchitis
mumps
-
what supplies blood to the testes
spermatic cord
-
where are the testes normally attached? and what does that prevent?
inner lining of the scrotum, preventing rotation
-
what is testicular torsion?
testes become twisted and blood supply is cut off
-
torsion is more frequent in _______
adolescents
-
what is the long term effect of torsion?
prolonged ischemia can lead to necrosis
-
signs and symptoms of torsion (3)
-
risk factors of torsion (2)
- trauma
- strenuous physical activity
-
treatment of torsion
- untwist
- suture testicles to back of scrotum
-
almost all testicular neoplasms are _______
malignant
-
what is the cause of testicular neoplasms
unknown cause
-
what increases the risk of getting testicular neoplasms (4 risk factors)
- cryptorchidism
- siblings
- kleinfelter syndrome
- caucasians
-
2 clinical features of testicular neoplasms
- painless enlargement of testis
- widespread metastases
-
95% of all testicular tumors are _____
germ cell neoplasms of the testes
-
what do the cells look like in choriocarcinoma?
syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts
-
what can be identified in the cells of choriocarcinoma?
hCG
-
all testicular teratomas are considered _____
malignant
-
difference between mature and immature teratoma
- mature: fully differentiated tissues
- immature: developing fetal tissue
-
diagnostic markers for testicular neoplasms
- elevated hCG
- alpha-fetoprotein
-
the treatment of testicular neoplasms depends on the histologic ________ and _______
type and stage
-
4 characteristics of prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate)
- dysuria
- urinary frequency
- lower back pain
- poorly localized pelvic pain
-
prostatitis may serve as a reservoir for what?
recurrent urinary tract infection
-
T/F: prostatitis may be acute or chronic
true
-
two causes of acute bacterial prostatitis
- direct extension from urethra (retrograde)
- hematogenous spread from distant sites
-
T/F: nodular hyperplasia of the prostate is extremely common
true, 90% get it by the 70s
-
nodular hyperplasia of the prostate leads to proliferation of both the _____ and _____, and may lead to _____ ______
- stroma and epithelium
- urinary obstruction
-
what is a possible cause of nodular hyperplasia of the prostate?
- androgens and estrogens (doesn't occur in castrated males)
- adding testosterone doesn't exacerbate the condition
-
________ is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in males
carcinoma of the prostate (prostate cancer)
-
what are the 3 causes of prostate cancer?
- hormonal (not in castrated males before puberty)
- genetics (increased risk in first degree relatives)
- environmental (increased in industrial settings)
-
most common site of metastases for prostate cancer
bone, especially spine
-
why is prostate cancer less likely to cause urethral obstruction?
because more likely to arise in outer peripheral glands
-
most common type of prostate cancer
adenocarcinoma
-
treatment of localized prostate cancer
TURP--transurethral resection of the prostate
-
treatment of advanced prostate cancer
hormone therapy--androgen sensitive
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