Retroviruses contain reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that converts ____ to _____
ssRNA
dsDNA
T/F: retroviruses can be spread vertically and horizontally
TRUE
Retroviruses, unlike other viruses, are ____
diploid (they possess two copies of genetic material)
What are the two possible fates for transcription of the proviral DNA (true for all retroviruses)
it could make viral RNA that will eventually become genomic DNA for the next generation of virions
i coule code for proteins that are associated with the virus (capsule, enzymes, polyproteins, etc)
What part of the viral envelope is NOT host derived
glycoproteins that are viral and needed to access cells
30-80% of people with HIV have what?
Oral manifestations
4 ways to diagnose someone with HIV
antibodies against HIV
number of immune cells (CD4)
amount of viral RNA/virus
nucleic acid tests
What were two main diseases they found in HIV patients
Pneumonia from pneumocystis jiroveci (usually non-pathogenic)
Kaposi sarcoma (very rare form of cancer)
more than _____ people worldwide were living with AIDs in 2009
33 million
Of the two types of HIV (HIV 1 and 2) which HIV1 is more ____ and ____ and ____ _____
infective
virulent
widespread geographically
the HIV contains three major genes, what are they?
gag--> codes for capsid, matrix and nucleocapside protein
pol--> code for RT, protease, integrate and ribonuclease
env-->codes for envelope glycoproteins
When would HIV use ribonuclease?
When the RNA is degraded in the process of turning +ssRNA into dsDNA
How does HIV attach the CD4 receptor?
by the viral gp 120
an additional co-receptor helps the virus get in the cell also serves as a _____ receptor
chemokine
CCR5 and CXCR4 function as correctors for HIV, thusly activating the viral gp41 gene product, triggering fusion between the viral ____ and the ___ ___
Envelope
Cell membrane
What are the four ways HIV can be transmitted
Sexual contact (MSM is the most common but can be anything)
Transfusions (of blood)
Contaminated needles
Perinatal transmission (transplacental, during birth, breastfeeding)
what can reduce the the infection of HIV in males by 60% and how?
Circumcision
removing skin and therefore langerhans cells and so these APCs are there to present the HIV to the immune system so it causes less problems
Why is transmission of AIDS higher with MSM?
there is no natural lubrication so there could be micro-tears and therefore an portal for the HIV to get in
HIV to AIDs developments in about ____ of HIV infected individuals within an average of 10 years
50%
Why are anti-HIV antibodies not totally protective?
its takes a while for the antibodies to be produced
Fewer than ____ CD4 cells per cubic mL of blood is a criteria for determining the presence of AIDs
200
the CD4 cell count of a healthy adult/adolescent ranges from ____ to ____cells per cubic mL of blood
500 to 1200
opportunistic infection seen with HIV that is a fungal infection seen in the oral cavity and vagina
Candidiasis
opportunistic infection seen with HIV that is a potentially fatal fungal disease
Cryptococcosis
Opportunistic infection seen with HIV that is a year-like fungus that can cause pneumocystis pneumonia (a fungal pneumonia-->not bacterial or viral)
Pneumocystis jiroveci
opportunistic infection seen with HIV that is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan. This disease can cross the placenta and affect the fetus's brain (may be involved in developing schizophrenia)
Toxoplasma gondii
opportunistic infection seen with HIV that is an atypical mycobacterial infection (a bacteria not a fungus)
Mycobacterium avium complex
atypical bc it affects immunocompromised individuals
What two things cause various lymphomas associated with AIDs
HIV causes ur immune system to be depressed and can't react to overgrowth/malignancies (more direct)
HIV immunosuppression can predispose you to pathogens that can cause cancer (more indirect)
What is the most sensitive method for early detection of HIV in blood or in tissue specimens
Amplification of viral RNA or of viral chromosomes
What is the viral load and what is a healthy viral load of HIV?
the viral load is how much virus you have inside of you
a healthy viral load of HIV is 0
Healthy vs HIV
CD4 cells
Viral load
Healthy: high CD4, low viral load
HIV: low CD4, high viral load
Why do you want to use combination therapy with HIV?
you want to stop replication first and foremost so you need to attack it aggressively
HAART is used to suppress HIV ___ and ___ of the disease
replication
progression
6 classes of drugs used to suppress HIV replication
Nucleoside and nucleotide analog RT inhibitors
Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Fusion (entry) inhibitors
Integrase inhibitors
Coreceptor blocker (CCR5 antagonist)
Why is it important to keep taking HAART even when you feel better?
Because it reduces the viral load to undetectable levels so you feel better but the HIV is still present so you need to keep taking it or it will come back
T/F: HAART can eliminate opportunistic diseases associated with HIV
True but depends on the disease
Truvada is a pill consisting of two _____ ____ inhibitors that can be used for ______ ____ against HIV
reverse transcriptase
pre-exposure prophylaxis
T/F: there is no effective HIV vaccine
True
HIV doesn't cooperate with the immune system so vaccine wouldn't work
Vaccines are modeled after someone who got over the disease themselves and no one has really ever done this
HTLV 1 has been associated with what? (2)
adult T-cell leukemia
a less common neurological condition
T/F: HTLV 2 is not conclusively linked to any known disease
true
Three modes of transmission of HTLV
Mother to fetus or new born (MOST COMMON)
Sexually via infected lymphocytes in semen
Blood products containing intact cells
HTLV 1 exhibits tropism for ____
HTLV 2 exhibits tropism for ____
CD4 cells (helper T cells and some others)
CD8 cells (cytotoxic T cells)
4 population clusters with high concentrations of HTLV 1 include
