T/F vines ungrafted have longer lifespan than grafted vines
some say TRUE
which part of Australia does not have phylloxera?
Adelaide
how long is phylloxera aphid?
less than 1 mm long
T/F phylloxera reproduces asexually, making billions of eggs each season
TRUE
why phylloxera can easily spread? (2)
1) can crawl out from underground
2) from the surface can easily be transported by wind or cutting/plant material
T/F what kills the vine is that phylloxera feeds on root tips
FALSE
what are nodosities
the result of phylloxera feeding on the root tips
what are tuberosities?
galls formed on large root pieces due to the feeding of phylloxera
what kills the vine due to phylloxera?
phylloxera feeding on larger root pieces forms galls that swell and split allowing fungi in the soil to enter the root and cause fungal infection and decay of the root system
T/F nematodes are pretty much present wherever agriculture exists
TRUE
what nematodes ectoparasites do?
they feed from outside the root tips
what nematodes endoparasites do?
they enter the roots and form galls
list 2 of the main nematodes economically important for grapes
root knot n.
dagger n.
the dagger nematode vectors what virus?
fanleaf virus
list 4 main nematodes (other than root knot and dagger)
lesion
pin
ring
citrus
what is the problem with nematodes feeding on the root?
they cause openings in the roots where fungal infection form causing ultimately decay and decline.
some vector virus (like dagger n. and fanleaf virus)
what are the symptoms of suffering because of the presence of nematodes or phylloxera on the vine?
vines look stressed
weak canopy
short shoots
nutrient & water deficiencies
list 4 main factors that affect the choice of rootstock (aside pests)
1.lime resistant
2.salt toxicity
3.wet soils/heavy clay
4.drought/sandy-rocky-dry soils
T/F choosing the proper rootstock is one of the most important decisions when planting a vineyard
TRUE
list the 4 steps that you should consider when choosing the right rootstock
why an area that experience regular cold damage should not use rootstocks
because if the vine freezes, you lose the vine scion and what survives is the rootstock (not your fruiting variety)
T/F rootstocks vary in their influence on impacting the vine ripening cycle
TRUE
in terms of vigor of the site vs rootstock.... what you should look for?
an inverse relationship btw vigor potential of the site and rootstock vigor
you have a deep fertile soil, you choose a low or high vigor rootstock?
low
if you have a vineyard with shallow, rocky, low nutrients, low water holding capability... do you prefer a rootstock with high or low vigor?
high
in choosing rootstock why you should know how the climate affects the growing/ripening period (early-late ripening)?
because rootstocks vary in how they influence the ripening cycle of the vines
how many north American vitis exist?
around 60
list the most important 5 northamerican vitis used for rootstocks
1.riparia
2.ruperstris
3.berlandieri
4.champinii
5.muscadinia rotundifolia
what is the preferred habitat of v.riparia?
along creek beds, rivers and streams or on plain and soils with high water table
the root system of v.riparia is deep or shallow?
shallow
v.riparia has drought resistance? why?
NO, it has shallow root system
v.riparia is a low or high vigor rootstock?
low
v.riparia has a faster growing cycle, this means that it promotes early or late ripening?
early
T/F v.riparia is not cold resistant
FALSE (it is cold resistant)
T/F v.riparia is tolerant to lime and salt
FALSE (not found on limestone soil)
T/F v.riparia is one of the most easily propagated species of vitis
TRUE
what is the name of the commercially available v.riparia rootstock?
v.riparia gloire
T/F v.riparia has one of the largest native host range
TRUE
which one if the most common na vitis used for rootstock?
v.riparia
what is the 2nd most common na vitis used for rootstock?
v.rupestris
where v.rupestris has been historically found in USA?
central southern US (from Tennesee to Texax)
what is the most common habitat for v.rupestris?
very rocky creek beds
how v.rupestris usually grows?
as a small shrub
v.rupestris has a shallow or deep root system?
very deep
how is the tolerance of v.rupestris vs lime and salt?
it has variability to lime tolerance (depending on the species) but not much salt tolerance
T/F v.rupestris is resistant to drought
TRUE
why v.rupestris is one of the most common rootstocks?
it is very easy to propagate and graft
what is the name of one of the very first rootstocks selected (pure v.rupestris)?
St. George
(in use since mid 1800s, still used today)
T/F there is still a lot of native v.rupestris around
FALSE
(a lot has been destroyed by cattle and farming)
v.rupestris has low or high vigor?
moderate to high vigor
what was the na species that really saved Eu vineyards on limestone soils?
v.berlandieri
v.berlandieri is native to?
limestone sites in Texas
v.berlandieri has deep or shallow root system?
deep
v.berlandieri is drought resistant?
YES
v.berlandieri promote high or low vigor?
high vigor
T/F v.berlandieri propagate and graft well
FALSE
v.berlandieri is most often used as rootstock? why?
NO, it does not propagate and graft well
v.berlandieri is mainly used in crosses or as rootstock?
in crosses (to get the lime tolerance that other vitis don't have)
T/F v.berlandieri is poor to graft and propagate
TRUE
which of the 5 na species of vitis has more moderate resistance to phylloxera?
v.champinii
v.champinii is low, high or very high in vigor?
very high vigor
v.champinii is native to? which soils?
texas
limestone
T/F v.champinii is a hybrid
TRUE (v.candicans and v.rupestris)
v.champinii is resistant to drought or not? (no, good, high)
YES, good drought resistance
v.champinii is unique because of its high resistance to ...
nematodes
T/F rootstocks derived from v.champinii tend to be used mostly where nematodes are a larger problem than phylloxera
TRUE
example of soil where v.champinii is mostly used and why
sand (where phylloxera is less of a problem)
T/F v.champinii is easy to propagate and graft
FALSE
v.champinii is mostly used as rootstocks or to create hybrids?
to create hybrids
v.champinii is poor or good to propagate and graft?
poor
T/F muscadinia rotundifolia is a vitis species
FALSE (it is however closely related)
T/F muscadinia rotundifolia is basically a subtropical plant
TRUE
T/F muscadinia rotundifolia is very similar in appearance to the other vitis species
FALSE
T/F muscadinia rotundifolia has extremely vigorous
TRUE
muscadinia rotundifolia has very high resistance to (4)
nematodes
phylloxera
fungi
bacteria
muscadinia rotundifolia is drought resistance or not?
NO
T/F muscadinia rotundifolia is very easy to graft and propagate
FALSE (very-very difficult to graft/propagate)
what are the two characteristics of muscadinia rotundifolia that are a consequence of its tropical nature?
1. long life cycle (late ripening)
2. slow to go dormant
list the 3 main hybrids of na species used for rootstocks
1.riparia x rupestris
2.berlandieri x riparia
3.berlandieri x rupestris
riparia x rupestris vigor is...
low to moderate vigor
riparia x rupestris is tolerant to drought and lime?
NO
T/F riparia x rupestris are good in moist soils with water holding capacity
TRUE
T/F riparia x rupestris promotes early ripening
TRUE
what is the tolerance of riparia x rupestris in terms of phylloxera and nematodes?
high tolerance for phylloxera, good for nematodes
which are the main 4 v.riparia?
101-14
3309C
Schwarzmann
44-53
which one has been one of the most popular in the group of riparia x rupestris?
101-14
what are the main advantages of 101-14?
good resistance to nematodes, low vigor, hastens maturity, supposedly resistant to phylloxera
what was the problem found for riparia x rupestris 101-14?
phylloxera thrives causing nodosities (but not tuberosities), this coupled with rainfall/wet soils causes fungal diseaes to root system overall decreasing the vigor of the vines
riparia x rupestris 101-14 is drought resistant?
very little
what is the main difference btw 101-14 and 3309C?
3309C does not have the same tolerance to nematodes of 101-14 but has not issues with phylloxera
schwarzmann has good nematode resistance, in particular for what type of nematode?
dagger nematode
why schwarzmann is not a good choice in heavy clay soil?
because it is susceptible to root rot fungi
what is the main reason why 44-53 has been selected?
it is suitable for soils high in magnesium ('serpentine soils')
berlandieri x rupestris is low or moderate to high or very high vigor?
moderate to high vigor, sometimes even very high
berlandieri x rupestris is HIGH drought and lime tolerant?
YES
berlandieri x rupestris is recommended for what type of soils?
rockier, shallow soils
is berlandieri x rupestris the right choice for soils with nematodes issue?
NO
has berlandieri x rupestris great resistance to phylloxera?
YES
T/F berlandieri x rupestris is the right choice for phylloxera, not for nematodes
TRUE
list the main 3 type of rootstock berlandieri x rupestris
110R
1103P
140Ru
which hybrid is less vigor: riparia x rupestris or berlandieri x rupestris?
riparia x rupestris
which type of hybrid among the berlandieri x rupestris is probably lowest in vigor?
110R
which hybrid berlandieri x rupestris rootstock can handle better wet soils, 110R or 1103P?
1103P
why you should not use the rootstock berlandieri x rupestris 1103P on deep moist soil?
because it is too vigorous and therefore hard to control
which one has higher vigor, 110R or 1103P?
1103P
which hybrid berlandieri x rupestris rootstock is used in Italy on limestone with very little rainfall?
140Ru
T/F 140Ru is very high vigor
TRUE
140Ru is drought and lime tolerant?
YES
what is the most widely used rootstock in the world?
berlandieri x riparia (most used in EU)
T/F the vigor and drought tolerance of the berlandieri x riparia group is quite variable
TRUE
T/F all rootstocks berlandieri x riparia have high phylloxera and lime tolerance
TRUE
T/F ALL rootstocks berlandieri x riparia have good nematodes resistance
FALSE (most yes, not all)
list the 4 main type of berlandieri x riparia roostocks
420A
SO4
5BB
5C
which berlandieri x riparia rootstock has gained popularity in Napa?
420A
the berlandieri x riparia SO4 5BB 5C are drought resistant?
They are best suited for what type of soil?
NO
wet soils
T/F v.champinii has high phylloxera tolerance
FALSE
v.champinii hybrids were bred for what mainly three reasons...
1.high lime tolerance
2.high drought tolerance
3.high nematode tolerance
rootstocks bred from champinii are mainly used for what type of soil?
sandy or lime-based soils where nematodes are the biggest problem as pest
which are two main types of champinii-based rootstocks?
Dog ridge
Ramsey
champinii-based rootstock such as dog ridge and ramsey are high or low vigor?
very high vigor
what rootstock is used in Australia for saline soils?
Ramsey (it has high tolerance to salt)
Harmony and freedom have a parent from the v.champinii, which one in particular?
Dog ridge
harmony and freedom were bred for what main traits?
high tolerance to nematodes, tolerance to drought, moderate vigor
should harmony and freedom rootstock used for soils where phylloxera is a problem?
NO (best for sandy soils where phylloxera does not thrive)
what is the main consequence of the fanleaf virus for the vine?
poor fruit set (lower productivity of the vine)
what rootstock is resistant to fanleaf virus?
039-16
what are the parents of the rootstock 039-16?
v.vinifera and muscadinia rotundifolia
039-16 has very strong resistance to nematode, which one in particular?
dagger nematode
T/F even if 039-16 is 50% v.vinifera it does not support phylloxera feeding
TRUE
what is the main problem with the use of the roostock 039-16?
it is not easy to deal in the vineyard
why 039-16 is not easy to deal with in the vineyard?
-very vigorous
-not drought tolerance
-slow to go dormant (muscadinia rotundifolia parent)
-long growing cycle
when 039-16 is the only one choice you can make?
soil has issues with nematode deggar (xiphenema index) and fanleaf virus
rootstock 1616C was bred from ...
v.acerifolia and v.riparia
what are the main advantages of 16161C (5)
1. high tolerance to phylloxera
2. high tolerance to nematodes
3. low to moderate vigor
4. handles wet soils
5. moderate resistance to salt
16116C is resistance to drought or lime?
NO
what is the name of the rootstocks specifically bred at UC Davis to be resistant to nematodes?
