psychology new 2

Paul Ekman described seven universal human emotions:

______ organizations are those for which members do not have a choice about joining. For example, a prison 

 

______ organizations are those which members join based on some shared, moral goal. For example, the American Red Cross volunteer division 

_____ organizations are those in which members are paid for their efforts. These include businesses and corporations, from small town restaurants all the way up to McDonald’s.

______ organizations are ones that just attempt to copy another organization.

One program leader has quit smoking very recently and still craves cigarettes frequently. She handles her urges by volunteering to help others in her community quit. Which defense mechanism from psychodynamic theory could best fit her behavior?

_______ is the process the ego uses to push undesired or unacceptable thoughts and urges down into the unconscious. The conscious, deliberate form of this is known as ______ or denial, and is typically used to willfully forget an emotionally painful experience or event. _____ is the unconscious process of reverting back to behaviors that are less sophisticated and often associated with children (sucking one’s thumb, wetting the bed).

 

_______ is the process of repressing a feeling by outwardly expressing the exact opposite of it. For example, if you really hate a person, you would pretend to really like them.

_______ is the process of attributing one’s own undesired thoughts or feelings onto another person. For example, if you have a serious problem with your roommate, you will believe that your roommate has a serious problem with you.

 

________ is the process of redirecting violent, sexual, or otherwise unseemly impulses from being directed at one person or thing to another. For example, if a teacher having trouble with a problem student begins to feel aggressive urges towards the student, the teacher might displace those aggressive feelings towards their spouse when arriving at home.

 

________ is the process of justifying one’s behaviors, which might be socially unacceptable and impulsive, with intellectual explanations that are more acceptable. For example, you might explain your vandalism of a public wall with spray paint by saying, “Well, so many other people do it, look how many walls have graffiti on them.” Finally, sublimation is the process of transferring unacceptable urges or impulses into acceptable and perhaps laudatory behaviors, such as creative work.

________ is the use of cognitive processes to separate oneself from the real problem and avoid emotions and impulses that may arise. If the program leader was using ______, she might focus on statistics about relapse and quitting instead of thinking about why she’s craving cigarettes.

George Mead’s social theory 

autonomous sense of self that reacts to the attitudes taken in from society.

collection of attitudes taken from society.

______ capital refers to the degree to which an individual has traits ( education, manner of speech, and style of dress) that allow him or her to command influence within society.

_____ capital refers to societal connections. It is of primary importance in politics, business, and community organizing. This capital can be exercised as favors, decisions, or even monetary compensation.

Structural social capital is the components of social structure that create opportunities for achieving social goals. It gives structure and stability to social transactions. This form of capital does not just include norms or social mores, but is built from the bases of culture and institutions within society. In contrast, cognitive social capital describes the shared norms, values, attitudes, and beliefs of a people who seek mutually beneficial group action.

intellectual capital is the knowledge set an individual possesses. The goal of education in society is, ostensibly, to transfer intellectual capital to the next generation. Many forms of upward social mobility are based upon the value of intellectual capital. For example, attending college is an exchange of financial capital for intellectual (or cultural) capital. Spiritual capital reflects the feelings, attitudes, and fulfilling beliefs that an individual holds while practicing their formal religion or any form of personal spirituality he or she uses as a way to connect with the world around them. Spiritual capital is similar to intellectual capital, but is deeper, more personal, and less quantifiable.

An object viewed in full sunlight can be seen to have several shades, running from light blue on the left side of the object through teal to light green on the right side of the object. Viewed in moonlight, the same object appears a uniform grey. This is due to:

Sigmund Freud, the “father of psychoanalysis,” developed well-known theories focused on unconscious desires. Freud’s work centered around his ideas of the id (one’s largely unconscious set of primal urges), superego (one’s sense of moral purpose), and ego (the logic-based, more conscious balance between the two). Freud put his theories into practice in psychoanalytic therapy, a process in which a psychologist or other therapist converses with a patient one-on-one to address certain mental or emotional issues.
American psychologist B. F. Skinner was an early behaviorist, meaning that he systematically studied behavior in conjunction with other factors (environmental, motivational, etc.). Skinner is best known for his work in operant conditioning, where he used a device called a “Skinner box” to study the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior.
Psychologist Gordon Allport is known for his studies of personality, where he outlined a form of trait theory that included three basic types of traits: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits. Cardinal traits are those around which people organize their entire lives. In contrast, central traits are defining characteristics of a person that can be easily inferred from that person’s behavior. Finally, secondary traits are those that only occur sometimes, particularly when a person is in a certain social situation.
John B. Watson’s Little Albert experiment involved the use of classical conditioning and stimulus generalization to cause a healthy young boy to fear furry animals and objects.
Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment demonstrated that individuals often conform to a group view, even when the group view differs from a clearly correct answer. Asch used a task in which a participant, along with several of Asch’s confederates, were told to judge the relative lengths of drawn lines. The confederates would give a clearly-incorrect opinion regarding which line was shorter or longer, causing the participant (who did not know that the others in the room were “in on it”) to conform to this incorrect view in some cases.
Albert Bandura, a social cognitive psychologist, famously conducted his “Bobo doll” experiments, which showed that children can display observational learning for aggressive behavior when they watch adults exhibit such behavior.
Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment focused on the effects of power and authority on individuals. Participants designated as “guards” were given power over participants designated as “prisoners,” and over time, the guards began to exhibit progressively more abusive and problematic behavior.
Milgram’s electric shock experiment also relates to authority. This experiment indicated that participants were willing to administer painful stimuli to others if instructed to do so by an authority figure. In reality, the “others” in the study were actors who were simply pretending to be shocked.
Abraham Maslow famously developed Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a schematic of human needs in order from the most basic (food, water, etc.) to the most high-level (self-actualization).
Hans Eysenck studied personality with a strong focus on the biological perspective, which considers personality differences to be the result of biological factors.
Harry Harlow examined parent/child attachment, social isolation, and dependency in rhesus monkeys.
Finally, Muzafer Sharif’s Robber’s Cave experiment examined the intergroup conflicts that arise in response to competition over limited resources.

the main brain regions that are recognized to constitute the core limbic system are the 

5 of em

In sociology, ______ refers to what an individual believes should occur, while _____ refers to what one perceives as actually occurring.

______ from individual observations to generalized principle

_____ from generalized principle known to be true to specific observation

An _____ relates to how a boy perceives his relationship with his mother. Specifically, an individual with such a complex will desire or actually attempt to supplant his father, becoming his mother’s primary focus of love and intimacy.

________ is the inappropriate ______ of feelings about one relationship to another. The classic example is a patient ______ childhood feelings about a parent onto their therapist.

________  countries are those well-developed, wealthy capitalist nations that control many resources, have powerful militaries, and strong state institutions. 

_____ nation Latin America and Africa tend to have a relatively weak central government with little industrilizaion; tend to depend on only 1 type of economic activity, like extracting raw materials and unskilled production of goods; high percentage of poor and uneducated people, as well as a small upper class which controls most of the economy; huge inequality in the population; greatly influenced by core countries and transnational corporations which can harm the future economic potentials of the periphery countries

India and Brazil; make up middle ground between Core and Periphery; not dominant in international trade but have relatively diversified and developed economy and stable government with expanding middle class; can come either from periphery countries moving up toward the industrialized core countries OR core countries declining toward periphery status; lacks global, economic, or political influence

______ are beliefs about which attributes are most important in making judgments about people.

cerebellum and hippocampus

which plays a role in implicit and which in explicit memory?

what heuristic?

 mean that we tie impressions to earlier perceptions of people.

is a process that aids in recall by organizing pieces of new information into groups that fit into particular categories. For example, if you are trying to remember all the animals you saw at the zoo, you may choose to remember them by the habitats they were in.

ex- try remember these letters- iecban

- ice nba

is the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus.

The _____ theory proposed by Paivio attempts to give equal weight to verbal and non-verbal processing.

By associating the numbers with different animals, HM was attempting to assign each number to a mental image to be processed at a more connected level.

____ memory is commonly known as photographic memory

declarative memory

non declarative memory

is a collective delusional belief that something is threatening (like vaccines). It spreads through fear and misinformation.

_____ are intense, short-lived periods of enthusiasm or excitement – usually for a product or a fashion style.

____ is a breakdown of social norms and involves discarding usual ethical and moral standards.

A ____ is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people.

A _____ design occurs when participants participate in each group in a study.

each study participant receives all treatments that are being investigated, but at different times.

As one step in the statistical analysis of the effectiveness of CHW intervention, researchers calculated the average percentage of postnatal care use found in 10 randomly selected groups of 50 mothers. How could the researchers have increased the power of their analysis?

A. Examine 15 randomly selected groups of subjects.

B. Increase the length of questions on the survey used in the analysis.

C. Select groups comprised of CHW using mothers only.

D. Increase their rate of random error.

There are five main ways to increase the power of an experiment or study: _____

_____ is the tendency of individuals to associate and bond with others similar to themselves.




______ bias refers to the attitudes or stereotypes that affect an individual’s understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner. These biases, which encompass both favorable and unfavorable assessments, are activated involuntarily and without an individual’s awareness.



 ______ bias is the tendency of an individual to search for, interpret, or recall information in a way that confirms their beliefs or hypotheses.




  _____ is the tendency of individuals to collect in diverse groups.

_______ is a symptom of serious mental illness in which a person feels like she has stepped outside of herself and is watching herself act, with no sense of control over her behavior. Although this can happen to anyone, repeated instances are suggestive of a dissociative disorder, which is not related to the woman described here.

Schaetter singer theory is also known as

______ memory is memory of events after an event

In humans, language production and comprehension are largely controlled by two brain areas: Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. Broca’s area, located in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe, controls the physical production of speech. Damage to Broca’s area, termed Broca’s aphasia, weakens the ability to speak. Individuals with Broca’s aphasia typically have significant trouble producing words, although their comprehension (or understanding) is relatively undamaged, and they may be able to read or listen to others speak fairly normally.

 

In contrast, Wernicke’s area is located in the back of the temporal lobe, just posterior to the Sylvian fissure (the part of the brain where the temporal and parietal lobes meet). This brain area controls the comprehension of speech and written language. When Wernicke’s area is damaged, the resulting condition – termed Wernicke’s aphasia – causes the loss of speech comprehension. Patients with this disease can still speak and often do so at great length, but their words are nonsensical. In other words, their problems are with creating meaningful, intelligible speech, not with producing the sounds that make up words. Both Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia can result from brain injury, such as stroke.

Brocas area location

werkinkies area location

self schema vs self concept

________ stressors are those chronic environmental stressors that cannot be changed (or are perceived as unchangeable) by the efforts of the individual subject to them. Things like the economy and climate change would be examples

_______ stressor is one that is present over a short period of time.

_______ stressors are small daily hassles like dealing with traffic or irritating coworkers.

_______ is a mental construct built in large part by internalizing the judgments that others have about the self. Negative judgments demonstrated through discrimination would thus have an impact on this

______ is the notion that a person develops an attitude by watching their own behavior and then concluding that they must hold whatever attitude would have led to that behavior. For example, a woman sees herself make a rude comment towards a co-worker and then concludes, “Wow, I must really not like that person.” The question stem does not relate to this idea of drawing conclusions from one’s own behavior.

The ______ bundle is associated with movement. Loss of neurons in this area is associated with Parkinson’s disease.

what lobe is amygdala located?

thymus and tonsils apart of which germ layer?

_______ is a behavioral conditioning technique in which noxious stimuli are associated with undesirable or unwanted behaviors. If this technique is successful, the individual reduces the frequency of the unwanted behavior.

A ______ schedule is when the behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses. For example, a rat gets a treat every third push of a lever.




_______ schedules occur when behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, number of responses. For example, a rat treat dispenser could be set to dispense a treat after an average of 1 out of every 10 presses, but the exact number of presses between rewards will vary.




______ schedules occur when behavior is reinforced after a specific amount of time has passed. An example would be semi-monthly paydays.



_______ schedules occur when behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed.




Of these methods, _______ schedules are generally considered to be the most effective.

webers law: JND

So you do F-I/I for all choices and which ever choice has a higher value than the original is the JND

"A weight lifter is just able to tell the difference between 100 and 125 pounds. According to Weber's Law, the lifter would notice a difference between:

a.) 125 and 150 pounds
b.) 5 and 6 pounds
c.) 25 and 35 pounds
d.) 225 and 275 pounds"

______ basically states that responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.

According to the _____ the value or enjoyment we get from something starts to decrease after a certain point.

______, also known as Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) or Emotional Incontinence, is a disorder where the patient has excessive displays of emotion, or expresses emotions that are not congruent with the situation. For example, uncontrollable crying over trivial things like accidentally knocking over a glass of water, or laughing hysterically over sad news like hearing about a devastating calamity. This condition results from an underlying neurological disorder, or from brain injury.

________ is a principle of perception in Gestalt psychology and is the tendency for people to perceive items moving in the same direction as being more closely related than objects that are moving in different directions or are immobile.

The ______ refers to our tendency to think that other people are watching us more closely than they actually are.

______ refers to the tendency of one person's emotion to affect how other people around them feel. For example, the teacher received a phone call that his wife was pregnant with a much-awaited baby. He goes into class happy and excited, and although he doesn't tell his class about the good news, his good mood rubs off on his students and they feel happy as well.

The ______ is a technique used in sales and other styles of persuasion to offer products or services at a bargain price in order to first attract a buyer, but then adds on additional expenses to make the purchase less of a bargain than originally thought.

________ refers to non-verbal cues expressed by a person's facial expression, gestures, body movements, and posture. We can use _______ to tell us how a person as feeling, and the intensity of emotion he is experiencing.

When people have low expectations for a person, that person tends to perform poorly, thus meeting the low expectations others have. This is the _______ and is the opposite of the Pygmalion Effect, in which someone performs to a high level when others have high expectations.

Vowels are AEIOU  so consonants are non-vowels

y sometimes

 discern the difference between “pat” and “bat.” (consonants) 


 discern the difference between “mood” and “mud.” (vowels)

Primary reinforcers are biological. Food, drink, and pleasure are the principal examples of primary reinforcers. But, most human reinforcers are secondary, orconditioned. Examples include money, grades in schools, and tokens.

waves

- alert
- awake but not as alert
- sleep 1 and 2
- sleep 3 and 4
- REM

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity holds that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition. Popularly known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, or Whorfianism, the principle is often defined to include two versions: the strong hypothesisand the weak hypothesis:
The strong version says that language determines thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories.
The weak version says that linguistic categories and usage only influence thought and decisions.

_______ refers to the observation that a familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning (as a signal or conditioned stimulus) than a new stimulus. This process inhibits the formation of memory by preventing learning of the observed stimuli.

______ One's own gains is exactly balanced by the losses of others. The more you win, the more others lose. You either come out ahead or behind. The game as a whole always equal zero benefits(so if you start out with a 100 dollars in a poker game, at the end of the game there is still 100 dollars on the table) Competitive. 

______ Ones' gain is not balanced by the losses of others. Competitive or noncompetitive.

_______ Players either act at the same time, or in ways that make it impossible to know how the other player acted.

________ Moves are made in sequence with later players having knowledge of the previous players actions.

social facilitation 

- enhanced when competing
- friendly audience watching cheering
- familiar task

what type of family

two generations- opposite sex parents and their kids

3 or more generations cohabit

identified 16 surface traits using factor analysis (Trait Theory)

focus on identifying, describing, measuring, and comparing individual differences and similarities with respect to traits



Abstractedness

imaginative versus practical

Apprehension

insecure versus complacent

Dominance

aggressive versus passive

Emotional Stability

calm and stable versus high-strung and

Liveliness

enthusiastic versus serious

Openness to Change

liberal versus traditional

Perfectionism

compulsive and controlled versus indifferent

Privateness

pretentious versus unpretentious

Reasoning

abstract versus concrete

Rule Consciousness

moralistic versus free-thinking

Self-Reliance

leader versus follower

Sensitivity

sensitive versus tough-minded

Social Boldness

uninhibited versus timid

Tension

driven and tense versus relaxed and easy going

Vigilance

suspicious versus accepting

Warmth

open and warmhearted versus aloof and critical

C: Carl Rogers was a humanistic personality theorist.




D: Carl Jung was primarily an analytical psychologist with minor contributions to personality theories.

_____ neurons are cells in the brain that fire the same way when a person performs an action and when they witness that same action.



A: Spindle neurons are brain cells that facilitate rapid communication.




C: Motor neurons are nerve cells that control muscle movements.




D: Bipolar neurons are brain cells that are involved in sensory responses.

Observational learning has 4 stages – attention to the behavior, memory of the behavior, ability or capability to behave similarly and motivation or drive to behave similarly.

If they know what the researcher is interested in or the aim of the study, they may select certain responses to please the researcher, which is known as ________ bias.

_____ validity refers to how well a given assessment (a survey, a test, etc.) actually measures what it claims to measure

______ validity is the extent to which a test reflects a specific quality (like empathy) or set of abilities

_____ models focus on the context of an individual, including interpersonal factors (relationships with others), social/cultural factors, and community-level factors. ontological, microsystem, and macrosystem



______ model explains that underlying stress, when exacerbated by current stressors, can lead to disturbed functioning.




______ model shows how experiences at an early age can impact a person throughout his life.




______ model would show how relationship experiences can affect subsequent relationships.

______ parenting is associated with parents being demanding but not responsive, establishing strict rules with little rationale.

_______ parenting is associated with being both demanding and responsive; such parents impose boundaries and expectations, but provide explanations and respond to their children’s needs.

______ parenting is responsive but not demanding; such parents may be very loving, but fail to provide structure.

______ parenting is neither demanding nor responsive; parents with this style do not engage with the care of their children.

Current research has identified that ______ is associated with the best outcomes.

_______ reviews are systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy and are currently the highest standard in evidence-based health care. They investigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.


A sociologist investigating the efficacy of a newly implemented breast cancer screening tool and how it has impacted healthcare delivery for all women in the country would best achieve this goal by conducting a _____

The ______ grid is a test designed to reveal the respondent’s way of construing the world according to the personal construct theory. This test if often used to determine an idiographic (the effort to understand the meaning of contingent, unique, and often subjective phenomena) measure of personality.

A _______ is a statistical calculation performed before a study to determine the minimum sample size needed for the study to have enough power. In other words, it determines the minimum number of participants you need to have in your study. While the researchers may use a power test prior to beginning their study, it will not give them the information they want about screening efficacy and outcome.

A _______ group features direct interaction between members with close and intimate relationships made that tend to last a long period of time. Families, close groups of friends, and teams can be examples

 A _______ group features superficial interaction between members, with weak and not-so-intimate relationships made that tend to not last very long. A group of students working on a project and a group of coworkers at a temporary summer job can be example

A family group is generally determined either by birth, adoption, or marriage, joining people of different ages and sexes through strong emotional ties. A family group is typically united by blood (familial relationship) or law (marriage, adoption). In contrast, a peer group includes people of similar ages, statuses, and with similar interests, who have all chosen to join the group. Whereas a family group is not self-selected, a peer group is. A peer group can provide individuals feelings of belonging and friendship.

 

A reference group is a social group against which individuals can evaluate themselves. This can overlap with peer or family groups, but does not have to. For example, if you are a medical school applicant, your reference group might be other people applying to medical school, or even medical students or physicians, in that those groups provide a basis for comparison and aspirations.

adrenal cortex or adrenal medulla? 

The first response to stress, the “fight-or-flight” response, is physiological and is produced via a stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, causing the adrenal glands to release the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). This causes the increased heart rate and respiration rate characteristic of stressful encounters. Additionally, it directs blood flow away from the digestive system and to the musculoskeletal system, while also dulling pain.

 
adrenal cortex or adrenal medulla? 

The second response to stress is cognitive, initiating when the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal glands. Cortisol helps the body to maintain the continuous supply of blood sugar needed to sustain a stress response by upregulating gluconeogenesis and mobilizing free fatty acids and amino acids from body stores to be metabolized. This makes more glucose available, which is necessary for proper brain function during times of stress because the brain’s only energy source is glucose. If cortisol release continues for too long a period, the healthy functioning of white blood cells can be inhibited, making the immune system weaker and thus the body more susceptible to illness and infection.

Which imaging technique would be the best choice for researchers who wished to measure increased neural activation of the amygdala during a stress response? 

A. MRI

B. CT

C. X-ray

D. fMRI

An EEG measures electrical impulses in the brain by covering the scalp with small sensors. Researchers can then present the subject with various stimuli and record which areas of the brain demonstrate increased electrical activity. Instead of measuring electrical activity, scientists can watch the level of blood flow in parts of the brain. By injecting a tracer molecule, scientists are able to image which parts of the brain are more active in response to certain stimuli. More active brain areas will see an increase in blood flow, and thus an increase in the tracer molecule.

 

Brains can also be imaged using MRI, PET, and CT scans. MRI scans use magnetic fields and radio waves to image parts of the brain while avoiding the dangers of bombarding the body with ionizing radiation such as X-rays. Functional MRI, or fMRI, trades spatial resolution for temporal resolution and allows scientists to map active parts of the brain. It does so by analyzing the differences in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentration in parts of the brain. PET scans work by injecting the patient with a radioactive analogue of glucose, and then measuring the radioactive emissions from the body. Much like MRI and fMRI, PET scans work on the principle that more active areas of the brain will show increased metabolism, and thus increase their uptake of glucose. Such uptake can then be converted into a false-color “heat map” of the brain to show areas of increased or decreased activity. PET scans are also frequently used for imaging designed to detect cancer in any part of the body, due to the increased glucose flux through tumor cells. Finally, CT scans use X-rays, but unlike a typical single two-dimensional X-ray film, CT machines use computer processing to take many X-ray measurements from multiple different angles, generating images that can be used for diagnosis. CT scans can provide high-resolution images, but unlike fMRI, CT is not useful for imaging processes in progress.

Sociological theory states that primary kin are immediate family – husband-wife, father-daughter, sister-brother, etc. Secondary kin are the immediate kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (e.g., husband and mother-in-law). Finally, tertiary kin are the secondary kin of someone with whom you have a primary kin relationship (e.g., the son of your wife’s brother).

 primary kinship involves a direct relationship, such as that between a brother and sister or between a father and daughter. Secondary kinship exists between an individual and “the primary kin of that person’s primary kin.” For example, the relationship between a grandson and his paternal grandmother would typically be secondary kinship, since the grandson is primary kin with his own father, who is primary kin with his mother (the grandmother). Finally, tertiary kin is one step further removed, and can refer to primary kin of one’s primary kin’s primary kin (three levels!) or to the secondary kin of one’s primary kin, such as one’s husband’s grandmother.

At a formal dinner party, a guest requests a vegetarian meal in lieu of the steak dinner served. Upon being served steak, a different guest with bipolar I disorder proceeds to flip his chair over and walk out of the room. How would a sociologist most likely describe these two behaviors?

A. The vegetarian guest exhibits primary deviance, while the bipolar guest exhibits secondary deviance. 

B. The vegetarian guest exhibits secondary deviance, while the bipolar guest exhibits primary deviance. 

C. Both the vegetarian guest and the bipolar guest exhibit primary deviance. 

D. Neither of the guests exhibits norm deviance.

delusions in both schizophrenia and bipolar or just one?

anhedonia in both or one?

disorganized speech?

In ________, children were grouped into different camps and, through manipulation, were encouraged to have negative attitudes towards each other. However, after given a task in which they had to collaborate, they began to view each other more favorably.

In ______ theory, individuals learn behavior through observing others.

Expectancy effects occur when participants behave in a way that they believe is expected in a study, based on the observation of others. This would occur if opposing groups were present and participants reported being less biased as a result of having these participants there.

Hawthorne effects merely describe the idea that individuals are affected by being observed. This effect does not account for the participants' particular behavior change as well as expectancy effects could.

Within the United States, an individual whose father was a doctor who is working as a laborer is an example of:

is a belief by individuals that doesn’t reflect the reality of the system. Believing in mobility when there is actually little mobility is an example.

what kind of system?

closed stratification where people can do nothing to change the category that they are born into

Horizontal mobility is possible as people can change jobs, but not classes. 

known as a closed system.

Intergenerational mobility is not possible

If a child becomes fixated in the _____ phase, then he or she is considered anal retentive and is obsessively organized and excessively neat. 

An individual fixated with this phase would likely have sexual dysfunctions that would not be related to cleanliness.

An individual fixated with this stage may develop an Oedipus or Electra complex

An individual fixated with this stage may repress or be unfulfilled with sexual experiences.

_____ fixation can result in problems with drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting.

SES has to do with 

__

__

and 

__

In operant conditioning, ______ occurs when reinforcement is provided as the individual more closely approximates a target behavior. This occurs in this experiment when individuals receive feedback as they come closer to the target gait.

According to SLOT, optimistic individuals tend to interpret negative events as external, temporary, and non-global. 


B. that the diagnosis does not affect other areas of his life. 


C. that becoming infected was a result of external circumstances. 


D. that treating the disease with medication will provide lasting benefits. 






 This is a non-global, specific, interpretation and so it fits into the SLOT predictions of optimistic behavior.




 This is an external interpretation, so it fits into the SLOT predictions of optimistic behavior.




This is a positive interpretation, so it fits into the SLOT predictions of optimistic behavior.

According to labeling theory, a person engages in primary deviance when they violate norms, but this violation does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others. He still feels like he belongs in society and conforms to norms during all other experiences.




II: Secondary deviance occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begins to change after his actions are labeled as deviant. For example, if the customer were violent and aggressive every time he went shopping, he would develop a reputation as a “bad customer,” which may make him even more violent and aggressive.




III: Tertiary deviance is a consequence of secondary deviance; when a person is labeled as a deviant by society for a long time, he tries to normalize or rationalize his behavior by relabeling it non-deviant. It becomes his master status, or a normal and central part of who he is as a person.

the “three-component theory of stratification,” or “Weberian stratification,” states that _____, ______, and _____ influence the way that individuals treat one another.

# of births per 1000 women

# of births yearly per 1000 people

The _______ means that people tend to overestimate how common their behavior is and assume that others do the same things they do.

The _______ is the tendency to attribute our own behaviors externally, while attributing others’ behavior internally.

Client-centered therapy emphasizes collaboration between practitioner and client and expression of empathy by the clinician.




B: Psychodynamic theory emphasizes the influence of early-life experiences on functioning.




C: Systems theory emphasizes the influence of systems on an individual’s life.




D: Dialectical-behavioral therapy emphasizes regulation of affect and interpersonal effectiveness.

bipolar 1 vs 2

severe mania - delusions/ hallucinations

hypomania - no delusions/ hallucinations

Normative conformity describes a situation in which a person drinks alcohol to fit in or be liked.




A: Identification is a type of conformity that happens when a person drinks to conform to a social role. For example, if someone was a rock star and believed they had to drink to be a rock star, this would be identification.




B: Informational conformity is when a person drinks because they don’t really know anything about alcohol (they lack knowledge) and turn to their peer group for guidance about what to do.




D: Compliance is when a person conforms publicly but privately disagrees with the behavior. This could be the case among students, but no evidence is given to support it here.

The psychological phenomenon that causes some people to see or hear a vague or random image or sound as something significant is known as ______. 

 _____ is the inability to walk, possibly due to some psychological shock or trauma.




 ______ is a (Freudian) slip of the tongue, or unintended action, which might reveal a hidden thought.




 _______ is the interest in rubbing, usually one's pelvic area, against a non-consenting person for sexual pleasure. It may involve touching any part of the body, including the genital area.

Secondary prevention is seen when there is an established risk factor present or when a disease/problem behavior has already begun to develop. In this case, the target behavior is alcohol use and abuse in teenagers and the risk behavior (which is already present and established) is peer pressure.

 

I: Primary prevention refers to prevention of a disease or problem behavior before any signs, symptoms, or risk behaviors have developed.




III: Tertiary prevention refers to prevention of a disease or problem behavior from getting significantly worse; for example, if students had significant, non-normative issues with alcohol use or abuse, tertiary prevention might serve to establish a school-wide AA or harm reduction program.

False consciousness refers to internalizing oppressive narratives regarding unjust social structures (in this case, the idea that educational success is purely a property of personal intelligence rather than being affected by social structures), while class consciousness describes an awareness of how unjust social structures are mediated by the socioeconomic factor of class.

_______ learning refers to being able to recall information better when in the same state in which it was learned.

According to strain theory, retreatists are most likely to engage in what type of deviant activity? 

A. Drug abuse correct

B. Theft

C. Violence

D. Drug dealing

Your answer was correct






A is correct. Strain theory, developed by sociologist Robert Merton, posits that when people are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals through institutional means, they experience strain or frustration that can lead to deviance. Retreatists are those who reject both these goals and the socially accepted ways to achieve them and, in effect, drop out from society. Retreatism can manifest itself as alcoholism and drug addiction.




C: This would be a likely response from those Merton called Rebels. Rebels reject the goals of society because they want to replace them with new ones. They want to cause a revolution and create a better society for all. Examples include hippies, violent demonstrators, and eco-terrorists.




B, D: These responses could be made by those Merton called Innovators. Innovators accept the goal of society but have created “new,” illegitimate ways of achieving these goals, such as theft and/or drug dealing. Merton proposed that this is more likely to occur within the lower classes or any disadvantaged group within society.

The ______ effect describes how researchers' expectations can manifest in subconscious ways that affect subjects' behavior in an experiment.

______ poverty is contextual and is in relation to those around you.




______ poverty is chronic, multigenerational poverty.




_____ poverty is extreme poverty that involves lack of basic needs.




______ poverty is a type of poverty that happens when people are chronically unemployed or underemployed.

______ theory states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cone's individual response.

dysfunction of iris would cause inability to adjust to sensory adaptation because of an inability to adjust size of pupil to allow a certain amount of light to enter through lens to retina

the _____ theory of vision refers to the retina containing two types of photoreceptors , rods and cones