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Primary bladder calculi?
- These stones develop in the absence of any known functional,anatomic, or infectious factors.
- Most common in children younger than the age of 10, with a peak incidence at 2 to 4 years of age.
- Stones are usually solitary and, once removed,rarely recur.
- Low dietary intake of phosphate not only leads to hypophosphaturia but also to hyperammonuria, promoting the precipitation of both calcium oxalate and ammonium acid urate
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What are secondary bladder calculi?
Typically found in men older than the age of 60 and usually in concert with lower urinary tract obstruction.
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Nomenclature of various procedures?*
- Cystolitholapaxy - Intact removal of stone
- Cystolithotrity - Mechanical crushing of stone
- Cystolithotripsy - Breakage of stone with energy source
- Cystolithotomy - Open removal of stone
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Maurmyers stone punch?*
- It is complete with its own sheath, working element and inserting obturator (with bridge). Hence, it becomes costly.
- Requires zero degree telescope.
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