-
-tRNA cloverleaf
-stemloop in rho-independent termination
-psuedoknot in telomerase
-70 nucleotide hairpin structure
all examples of _____
secondary structures of nucleic acids
-
must have one restriction enzyme for insertion of foreign DNA (an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.)
must have bacterial origin of replication to allow for replication and maintenance of vector in host cell
must have host transcription initiation sequence
needed for plasmid vector to ensure expression of mRNA
-
_____ cells contain no nuclei and therefore don't produce mRNA or translate protein.
so something that effects gene expression (translation) won't effect this.
Red blood cells - erythrocytes
-
- most bacteria genomes contain no _____
- all bacterial transcription is conducted by a single type of RNA Pol - T or F?
introns
True
-
progenitor cell potency:
- Gene activation potential to generate into multiple but limited cell types (hematopoetic cell that can differentiate into lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils but no other lineage). Mesenchymal stem cells - only give rise to connective tissue (osteoblast- bone cells, chondrocytes- cartilage cells, adipocytes- fat cells)
- Can differentiate into only one cell type although not sure if this exist
- single cell can divide to produce all differentiated cells in an organism (zygote)
- can give rise to any of the cells in the 3 germ layers - endoderm (tissue lining GI, respiratory) --- mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, lining of most urogential) ---- ectoderm (epidermal and nervous tissue)
- multipotent
- unipotent
- totipotent
- pluripotent
-
Post transcriptional modifications of RNA take place in the ______
this includes ____ and ____ additions which are required for export to _____
nucleus
5'cap
poly-A tail
cytoplasm
-
prokaryotes reproduce by ______
binary fission
-
Mitosis mnemonic
I
P arty
M ore
A t
T he
C lub
- interphase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
-
which cell type least likely to be found in G0 phase of cell cycle
liver
neuron
epithelial
kidney
epithelial cuz they divide the most out of these
neurons in G0 almost all the time cuz they dont divide in adults
-
There are ____ glycerol molecules and ____ fatty acid molecules in a triglyceride
1
3
-
beta oxidation- fatty acids broken down to acetylcoA to be fed to citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation generates electron carriers NADH and FADH2 which produce energy for ETC. beta carbon of each fatty acid oxidized to C=O.
step 1- form c=c bond between alpha and beta carbons of carbonyl group at the head of acyl-coA molecule
step 2- ---OH group added to beta carbon
step 3- C-OH bond on beta carbon is oxidized to C=O and NADH is formed.
step4- molecule gets broken up yielding a acetyl-coA and smaller acyl-coA group
beta oxidation- fatty acids broken down to acetylcoA to be fed to citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation generates electron carriers NADH and FADH2 which produce energy for ETC. beta carbon of each fatty acid oxidized to C=O.
step 1- form c=c bond between alpha and beta carbons of carbonyl group at the head of acyl-coA molecule
step 2- ---OH group added to beta carbon
step 3- C-OH bond on beta carbon is oxidized to C=O and NADH is formed.
step4- molecule gets broken up yielding a acetyl-coA and smaller acyl-coA group
-
beta oxidation occurs in ____
mitochondria
-
SDS PAGE
- SDS molecule denatures the protein into its unfolded polypeptide state so shape doesn't interfere with how it travels
- The more positively charged molecules on a protein the _______ a distance it will travel
smaller- because the more negative it is the more it will travel toward positive end of apparatus
-
List purines
List pyrimidines
which have single ring structure?
Which have 2 ring structure?
Purines- Guanine and Adenine
Pyrimidines- Cytosine, Uracil, Thymidine
single- pyrimidines
purines- 2 ring
-
forms of secondary structure that exist as a result of hydrogen bonding between amino acid backbone atoms
a-helix and b-sheet
-
SN2 mechanism is favored by ______ solvents like _____ and DMSO
SN1 mechanism is favored by _______ solvents like _____ and _____
- polar aprotic
- acetone
- polar protic
- water
- ethanol
In general terms, any solvent that contains a labile H+is called a protic solvent. The molecules of such solvents readily donate protons (H+) to reagents. Conversely, aprotic solvents cannot donate hydrogen.
-
R vs S atoms with higher atomic number have higher priority and right is R and S is left
R vs S atoms with higher atomic number have higher priority and right is R and S is left
-
all enzyme active site filled =
km =
VMAX
1/2VMAX
-
L and D amino acids- which do eukaryotes use and which do prokaryotes bacteria use?
eukaryotes - L-amino acids only (L- living eukaryotes)
prokaryotes/bacteria- use D and L
-
______ immunity involves your bodies direct response to an unknown pathogen. This response is the production of antibodies specific to the antigen of a particular pathogen. ... Conversely, _____ immunity is animmune response which involves antibodies obtained from outside the body.
infection = ____ , ____ immunity
vaccination = _____, _____ immunity
mother to fetus breast milk = __ , __ immunity
monoclonal antibodies/ immune serum = ____, ____ immunity
active
passive
active , natural
active, artificial
passive, natural
passive, artifical
-
___ immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of already made antibodies from one person to another
____ immunity involves anatomical barriers, skin, complement, salivary enzymes, neutrophil, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocyte, macrophages, secretory components, movement of intestines, cilia movement, etc
____ immunity involves antibodies
____ immunity involves t-cells
____ immunity involves t cells and b cells antibodies
passive
natural/ innate/ nonspecific
humoral
cell-mediated
adaptive
-
____ is composed of short lengths of microtubules arranged in the form of an open ended cylinder designed to help chromosomes separate during cell division
centriole
-
_____ is the nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells
nucleolus
-
4 functions of smooth ER
- - lipid synthesis
- - detox
- - produce steroid hormones
- - carb synthesis
-
______ play a major role in the metabolism of very long chain lipids breaking them down into medium chain lipids that are transported to mitochondria for further processing and play a role in detox of ethanol
peroxisomes
-
cell differentiation is mediated primarily by ____
gene expression levels
-
entropy increases when:
- moles of substance in system increase (more gas particles)
- solid or liquid dissolve in solvent
- solubility of gas decreases and it escapes solvent
- when molecular complexity increases (KOH vs Ca(OH)2) due to increased movement of electrons
entropy increases when:
- moles of substance in system increase (more gas particles)
- solid or liquid dissolve in solvent
- solubility of gas decreases and it escapes solvent
- when molecular complexity increases (KOH vs Ca(OH)2) due to increased movement of electrons
-
________ is amphipathic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) and absorbs the air-water-alveoli interface reducing surface tension and total force resisting expansion increasing pulmonary compliance
pulmonary sufactant
-
In _______, a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment.
In _______, DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus.
In _______, DNA is transferred between bacteria through a tube between cells.
_______ are chunks of DNA that "jump" from one place to another. They can move bacterial genes that give bacteria antibiotic resistance or make them disease-causing.
transformation
transduction
conjugation
Transposable elements
-
n , l , ml, ms
n = row on periodic table principle qunatum number. higher principle q numbers n = 2 compared to n = 1 have greater energy and r farther from nucleus
l = azimuthal angular momentum quantum number
S - l = 0
p - l = 1
d - l = 2
f - l = 3
ml = magnetic quantum number (-l to +l)
s subshell max electrons = 2
p subshell max electrons = 6
d subshell max electrons = 10
f subshell max electrons = 14
--------------------
ms = spin quantum number
- two electrons in the same orbital and thus with same ml are paired and must have opposite spin +1/2 or -1/2
n , l , ml, ms
n = row on periodic table principle qunatum number. higher principle q numbers n = 2 compared to n = 1 have greater energy and r farther from nucleus
l = azimuthal angular momentum quantum number
- S - l = 0
- p - l = 1
- d - l = 2
- f - l = 3
ml = magnetic quantum number (-l to +l)
- s subshell max electrons = 2
- p subshell max electrons = 6
- d subshell max electrons = 10
- f subshell max electrons = 14
--------------------
- ms = spin quantum number
- - two electrons in the same orbital and thus with same ml are paired and must have opposite spin +1/2 or -1/2
-
for light or photon to be emitted an electron must travel from a higher to lower level (n = 4 to n = 2).
The greater the difference the more likely the emission of photon / light visible to human eye
ex. from n = 4 to n = 2
over n = 2 to n = 1
for light or photon to be emitted an electron must travel from a higher to lower level (n = 4 to n = 2).
The greater the difference the more likely the emission of photon / light visible to human eye
ex. from n = 4 to n = 2
over n = 2 to n = 1
-
_____ are atoms with unpaired valence electrons
free radicals
-
Rank in terms of shortest wavelength (highest energy)
SP, SP3 , SP2
And why?
SP > SP2 > SP3
Cuz SP has the highest S character (50%) compared to SP2 (33%) and SP3 (25%) so it has highest energy cuz electron is hardest to eject
-
A _____ has same mass as an electron but opposite charge
An alpha particle has an atomic mass of ___
a _____ particle is a photon of magnetic energy with no mass
positron
4
gamma
-
____ is the attractive force of an atoms positively charged nucleus on atoms negatively charged valence electrons
_____ decreases with increasing effective nuclear charge cuz increased protons pulls in the valence electrons closer to nucleus
Zeff
effective nuclear charge
atomic radii
-
CH4 = Methane
CH4 = Methane
-
_____ blank separates proteins of bases of molecular weight/ size alone on electrophoresis
SDS-Page- which involves the binding of anionic detergent SDS to polypeptide chain . SDS binding denatures and imparts an even distribution of charge per unit mass of protein
-
More complete fractionation of proteins using size-exclusion chromatography column could be achieved by using a _______
longer column cuz as all other forms of chromatography increasing column length will enhance the resolution of the column leading to more complete fractionation by size exclusion chromatography. the material on matrix provides a means of separating proteins so proteins come in longer contact with matrix and differences in retarding forces has increased cumulative effect on migrating proteins lengthening the difference in retention times
-
D vs L =
R vs S =
assign priority based off _____
L amino acids and D carbs predominate
relative configuration
absolute configuration
molecular weight
L amino acids and D carbs predominate
-
Stereoisomers = 2^n
n = # of chiral centers
Stereoisomers = 2^n
n = # of chiral centers
-
Weak acid pH less than PKA
a pH of 1.0 for an acid whose concentration is 0.10 M would require complete dissociation (strong acid)
Weak acid pH less than PKA
a pH of 1.0 for an acid whose concentration is 0.10 M would require complete dissociation (strong acid)
-
percent yield =
actual / theoretical x 100
-
which has higher melting/ boiling point aldehyde and ketones or carboxylic acids and alcohols?
carboxylic acids and alcohols cuz of hydrogen bonds and can function as organic weak acids
-
list from highest reactivity to lowest
anhydride ester thioester amide acid halide
- acid halide
- anhydride
- thioester
- ester
- amide
-
home shopping network QVC
Q = VC
- Q = Charge (C)
- V = Voltage
- C = Capacitance (F)
-
name
H3PO2 =
H3PO3 =
H3PO4 =
H3PO5 =
- Hypophosphorous acid
- Phosphorous acid
- Phosphoric acid
- Perphosphoric acid
-
_____ occurs when a hydronium (H3O+ or H9O4+ Eigen cation) attracts the O on H2O molecules to surround it so a semi-stable shell of water molecules surround it
hydration (water solvent)
solvation
-
-
volume increase = temp increase
volume increase = temp increase
-
ZXC - CXZ = MESO COMPOUNDS
ZXC - CXZ = MESO COMPOUNDS
-
The more basic compound has a more stable ________
conjugate acid
-
With lactose present (low glucose) it binds to the repressor and the repressor detaches from the operator on the lac operon and RNA Pol can transcribe LacZ, LacY, LacA genes into a single mRNA
With lactose absent (high glucose) the repressor is bound to operator and RNA Pol cannot move down lac operon and LacZ LacY and LacA genes cannot be transcribed
negative control- repressor prevents transcription by binding to operator
positive control - activator stimulates transcription
negative inducible - repressor normally bound and no transcription takes place until certain conditions take place (Lac operon)
negative repressible - genes normally transcribed but can be stopped by repressor (trp operon)
With lactose present (low glucose) it binds to the repressor and the repressor detaches from the operator on the lac operon and RNA Pol can transcribe LacZ, LacY, LacA genes into a single mRNA
With lactose absent (high glucose) the repressor is bound to operator and RNA Pol cannot move down lac operon and LacZ LacY and LacA genes cannot be transcribed
negative control- repressor prevents transcription by binding to operator
positive control - activator stimulates transcription
negative inducible - repressor normally bound and no transcription takes place until certain conditions take place (Lac operon)
negative repressible - genes normally transcribed but can be stopped by repressor (trp operon)
-
______ and ______ have genome where nearly all material codes for protein
prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes
-
eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of bundles of _______
prokaryote flagella are composed of ______
microtubules
protein flagellin
-
microfilaments are composed of ____ and are found in the _____ of eukaryotic cells as well as in _____
actin
cytosol
muscle
-
_______ is found in the tendons , forms connective ligaments within body, and gives extra support to skin. Its a triple helix formed by 3 proteins wrapped around each other
collagen
-
In genetics, a ______ mutation is a point mutationin which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. It is a type of nonsynonymous substitution.
missense
-
______ mutations are base substitutions that result in no change of the amino acid or amino acid functionality when the altered messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated. For example, if the codon AAA is altered to become AAG, the same amino acid – lysine – will be incorporated into the peptide chain.
Silent
-
In genetics, a ______ mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon,
point-nonsense
-
76kDa vs 40 kDa
which moves more quickly?
SDS PAGE
SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY
SDS PAGE - 40 kDa move more quickly
SEC - 76kDa
-
in absence of oxygen pyruvate is fermanted into _______ in the cytoplasm and doesn't go to mitochondria to be converted to acetyl CoA therefore krebs cycle products like citrate won't have high concentration
lactate
-
_______ is failure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase 1 of meiosis or failure of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase 2 of meiosis
nondisjunction
-
in acid dissociation reactions H+ is a product and so according to le chantlies principle if you remove product you have shift to product so if u remove H+ acetic acid will dissociate more
in acid dissociation reactions H+ is a product and so according to le chantlies principle if you remove product you have shift to product so if u remove H+ acetic acid will dissociate more
-
for there to be an enol tautomer there needs to be a H+ to abstract from the alpha carbon adjacent to the carbonyl to a double bond can occur and you can go from keto to enol form and H goes to O for OH
for there to be an enol tautomer there needs to be a H+ to abstract from the alpha carbon adjacent to the carbonyl to a double bond can occur and you can go from keto to enol form and H goes to O for OH
-
which enzyme has a higher binding affinity for its substrate?
A- Kd (dissociation constant) = 10
B- Kd = 1
enzyme B because lower dissociation constant means higher binding affinity for its substrate because lower Kd means it doesn't readily dissociate from ES Complex into enzyme and substrate therefore its more stable
-
citric acid cycle activity is positively correlated with vascularization because of increased need for oxygen supply (oxidative metabolism) and waste removal where there is high citric acid cycle activity
citric acid cycle activity is positively correlated with vascularization because of increased need for oxygen supply (oxidative metabolism) and waste removal where there is high citric acid cycle activity
-
HBr - hydrobromic acid
HI- hydroiodic acid
HCl- hydrochloric acid
HNO3 - nitric acid
H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
HClO4 - perchloric acid
CsOH - Cesium hydroxide
KOH- Potassium hydroxide
LiOH - Lithium hydroxide
NaOH- Sodium hydroxide
strong acids and bases
-
_______ reducing agent often used during SDS-PAGE to further denature proteins by reducing/ cleaving disulfide linkages and breaking up quaternary protein structure (oligomeric subunits).
one band present when not exposed to DTT and 3 bands when exposed shows at least two disulfide linkages present in molecule and these linkages hold 3 separate subunits together
_______ reducing agent often used during SDS-PAGE to further denature proteins by reducing/ cleaving disulfide linkages and breaking up quaternary protein structure (oligomeric subunits).
one band present when not exposed to DTT and 3 bands when exposed shows at least two disulfide linkages present in molecule and these linkages hold 3 separate subunits together
-
kidneys response to alcohol similar to its response to low blood osmolarity and high blood pressure
alcohol lowers adh so more water in kidney less water reabsorbed and less water in blood stream and more water excreted in urine.
this is similar to kidneys response to high blood pressure and low blood osmolarity which makes water less likely to be reabsorbed by kidneys so more excreted and lower blood volume and pressure
kidneys response to alcohol similar to its response to low blood osmolarity and high blood pressure
alcohol lowers adh so more water in kidney less water reabsorbed and less water in blood stream and more water excreted in urine.
this is similar to kidneys response to high blood pressure and low blood osmolarity which makes water less likely to be reabsorbed by kidneys so more excreted and lower blood volume and pressure
-
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation.
Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription.
Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation.
Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription.
|
|