mcat science 2

-tRNA cloverleaf

-stemloop in rho-independent termination

-psuedoknot in telomerase

-70 nucleotide hairpin structure

all examples of _____

must have one restriction enzyme for insertion of foreign DNA (an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.)

must have bacterial origin of replication to allow for replication and maintenance of vector in host cell

must have host transcription initiation sequence

_____ cells contain no nuclei and therefore don't produce mRNA or translate protein.

so something that effects gene expression (translation) won't effect this.

- most bacteria genomes contain no _____

- all bacterial transcription is conducted by a single type of RNA Pol - T or F?

progenitor cell potency:

- Gene activation potential to generate into multiple but limited cell types (hematopoetic cell that can differentiate into lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils but no other lineage). Mesenchymal stem cells - only give rise to connective tissue (osteoblast- bone cells, chondrocytes- cartilage cells, adipocytes- fat cells)


- Can differentiate into only one cell type although not sure if this exist

- single cell can divide to produce all differentiated cells in an organism (zygote)

- can give rise to any of the cells in the 3 germ layers - endoderm (tissue lining GI, respiratory) --- mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, lining of most urogential) ---- ectoderm (epidermal and nervous tissue)

Post transcriptional modifications of RNA take place in the ______

this includes ____ and ____ additions which are required for export to _____

prokaryotes reproduce by ______

Mitosis mnemonic

I 
P arty
M ore
A t 
T he
C lub

which cell type least likely to be found in G0 phase of cell cycle

liver
neuron
epithelial
kidney

There are ____ glycerol molecules and ____ fatty acid molecules in a triglyceride

beta oxidation- fatty acids broken down to acetylcoA to be fed to citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation generates electron carriers NADH and FADH2 which produce energy for ETC. beta carbon of each fatty acid oxidized to C=O.

step 1- form c=c bond between alpha and beta carbons of carbonyl group at the head of acyl-coA molecule

step 2- ---OH group added to beta carbon

step 3- C-OH bond on beta carbon is oxidized to C=O and NADH is formed.

step4- molecule gets broken up yielding a acetyl-coA and smaller acyl-coA group

beta oxidation occurs in ____

SDS PAGE

- SDS molecule denatures the protein into its unfolded polypeptide state so shape doesn't interfere with how it travels

- The more positively charged molecules on a protein the _______ a distance it will travel

List purines

List pyrimidines 

which have single ring structure?

Which have 2 ring structure?

forms of secondary structure that exist as a result of hydrogen bonding between amino acid backbone atoms

SN2 mechanism is favored by ______ solvents like _____ and DMSO

SN1 mechanism is favored by _______ solvents like _____ and _____

R vs S atoms with higher atomic number have higher priority and right is R and S is left

all enzyme active site filled = 

km =

L and D amino acids- which do eukaryotes use and which do prokaryotes bacteria use?

______ immunity involves your bodies direct response to an unknown pathogen. This response is the production of antibodies specific to the antigen of a particular pathogen. ... Conversely, _____ immunity is animmune response which involves antibodies obtained from outside the body.

infection = ____ , ____ immunity
vaccination = _____, _____ immunity

mother to fetus breast milk = __ , __ immunity

monoclonal antibodies/ immune serum = ____, ____ immunity

___ immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of already made antibodies from one person to another

____ immunity involves anatomical barriers, skin, complement, salivary enzymes, neutrophil, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocyte, macrophages, secretory components, movement of intestines, cilia movement, etc

____ immunity involves antibodies

____ immunity involves t-cells

____ immunity involves t cells and b cells antibodies

____ is composed of short lengths of microtubules arranged in the form of an open ended cylinder designed to help chromosomes separate during cell division

_____ is the nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells

4 functions of smooth ER

______ play a major role in the metabolism of very long chain lipids breaking them down into medium chain lipids that are transported to mitochondria for further processing and play a role in detox of ethanol

cell differentiation is mediated primarily by ____

entropy increases when:

- moles of substance in system increase (more gas particles)

- solid or liquid dissolve in solvent 

- solubility of gas decreases and it escapes solvent

- when molecular complexity increases (KOH vs Ca(OH)2) due to increased movement of electrons

________ is amphipathic (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) and absorbs the air-water-alveoli interface reducing surface tension and total force resisting expansion increasing pulmonary compliance

In _______, a bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment.

In _______, DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus.

In _______, DNA is transferred between bacteria through a tube between cells.


_______ are chunks of DNA that "jump" from one place to another. They can move bacterial genes that give bacteria antibiotic resistance or make them disease-causing.

n , l , ml, ms

n = row on periodic table principle qunatum number. higher principle q numbers n = 2 compared to n = 1 have greater energy and r farther from nucleus

l = azimuthal angular momentum quantum number 

S - l = 0
p - l = 1
d - l = 2
f - l = 3


ml = magnetic quantum number (-l to +l)

s subshell max electrons = 2
p subshell max electrons = 6
d subshell max electrons = 10
f subshell max electrons = 14

--------------------

ms = spin quantum number
- two electrons in the same orbital and thus with same ml are paired and must have opposite spin +1/2 or -1/2

for light or photon to be emitted an electron must travel from a higher to lower level (n = 4 to n = 2).

The greater the difference the more likely the emission of photon / light visible to human eye

ex. from n = 4 to n = 2 

over n = 2 to n = 1

_____ are atoms with unpaired valence electrons

Rank in terms of shortest wavelength (highest energy)

SP, SP3 , SP2

And why?

A _____ has same mass as an electron but opposite charge

An alpha particle has an atomic mass of ___

a _____ particle is a photon of magnetic energy with no mass

____ is the attractive force of an atoms positively charged nucleus on atoms negatively charged valence electrons

_____ decreases with increasing effective nuclear charge cuz increased protons pulls in the valence electrons closer to nucleus

CH4 = Methane

_____ blank separates proteins of bases of molecular weight/ size alone on electrophoresis

More complete fractionation of proteins using size-exclusion chromatography column could be achieved by using a _______

D vs L =

R vs S =

assign priority based off _____

L amino acids and D carbs predominate

Stereoisomers = 2^n

n = # of chiral centers

Weak acid pH less than PKA

a pH of 1.0 for an acid whose concentration is 0.10 M would require complete dissociation (strong acid)

percent yield =

which has higher melting/ boiling point aldehyde and ketones or carboxylic acids and alcohols?

list from highest reactivity to lowest

anhydride ester thioester amide acid halide

home shopping network QVC

name

H3PO2 =
H3PO3 =
H3PO4 =
H3PO5 =

_____ occurs when a hydronium (H3O+ or H9O4+ Eigen cation) attracts the O on H2O molecules to surround it so a semi-stable shell of water molecules surround it

ammonia = 
ammonium =

volume increase = temp increase

ZXC - CXZ = MESO COMPOUNDS

The more basic compound has a more stable ________

With lactose present (low glucose) it binds to the repressor and the repressor detaches from the operator on the lac operon and RNA Pol can transcribe LacZ, LacY, LacA genes into a single mRNA

With lactose absent (high glucose) the repressor is bound to operator and RNA Pol cannot move down lac operon and LacZ LacY and LacA genes cannot be transcribed

negative control- repressor prevents transcription by binding to operator

positive control - activator stimulates transcription

negative inducible - repressor normally bound and no transcription takes place until certain conditions take place (Lac operon)

negative repressible - genes normally transcribed but can be stopped by repressor (trp operon)

______ and ______ have genome where nearly all material codes for protein

eukaryotic cilia and flagella are composed of bundles of _______

prokaryote flagella are composed of ______

microfilaments are composed of ____ and are found in the _____ of eukaryotic cells as well as in _____

_______ is found in the tendons , forms connective ligaments within body, and gives extra support to skin. Its a triple helix formed by 3 proteins wrapped around each other

In genetics, a ______ mutation is a point mutationin which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. It is a type of nonsynonymous substitution.

______ mutations are base substitutions that result in no change of the amino acid or amino acid functionality when the altered messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated. For example, if the codon AAA is altered to become AAG, the same amino acid – lysine – will be incorporated into the peptide chain.

In genetics, a ______ mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon,

76kDa vs 40 kDa

which moves more quickly?

SDS PAGE 

SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY

in absence of oxygen pyruvate is fermanted into _______ in the cytoplasm and doesn't go to mitochondria to be converted to acetyl CoA therefore krebs cycle products like citrate won't have high concentration

_______ is failure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase 1 of meiosis or failure of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase 2 of meiosis

in acid dissociation reactions H+ is a product and so according to le chantlies principle if you remove product you have shift to product so if u remove H+ acetic acid will dissociate more

for there to be an enol tautomer there needs to be a H+ to abstract from the alpha carbon adjacent to the carbonyl to a double bond can occur and you can go from keto to enol form and H goes to O for OH

which enzyme has a higher binding affinity for its substrate?

A- Kd (dissociation constant) = 10
B- Kd = 1

citric acid cycle activity is positively correlated with vascularization because of increased need for oxygen supply (oxidative metabolism) and waste removal where there is high citric acid cycle activity

HBr - hydrobromic acid
HI- hydroiodic acid
HCl- hydrochloric acid
HNO3 - nitric acid
H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
HClO4 - perchloric acid 

CsOH - Cesium hydroxide
KOH- Potassium hydroxide
LiOH - Lithium hydroxide
NaOH- Sodium hydroxide

_______ reducing agent often used during SDS-PAGE to further denature proteins by reducing/ cleaving disulfide linkages and breaking up quaternary protein structure (oligomeric subunits).

one band present when not exposed to DTT and 3 bands when exposed shows at least two disulfide linkages present in molecule and these linkages hold 3 separate subunits together

kidneys response to alcohol similar to its response to low blood osmolarity and high blood pressure

alcohol lowers adh so more water in kidney less water reabsorbed and less water in blood stream and more water excreted in urine. 

this is similar to kidneys response to high blood pressure and low blood osmolarity which makes water less likely to be reabsorbed by kidneys so more excreted and lower blood volume and pressure

Histone acetylation and deacetylation are the processes by which the lysine residues within the N-terminal tail protruding from the histone core of the nucleosome are acetylated and deacetylated as part of gene regulation.

Acetylated histones, octameric proteins that organize chromatin into nucleosomes and ultimately higher order structures, represent a type of epigenetic marker within chromatin. Acetylation removes the positive charge on the histones, thereby decreasing the interaction of the N termini of histones with the negatively charged phosphate groups of DNA. As a consequence, the condensed chromatin is transformed into a more relaxed structure that is associated with greater levels of gene transcription.