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Anterior Tibialis
- O: Lateral condyle and proximal 2/3 of lateral surface of tibia
- I: Medial and plantar aspect of medical cuneiform and first metatarsal
- Isolated function: concentrically accelerated DF and Inversion.
- Integrated function: Eccentrically decelerates PF and eversion.
- Isommetrically stabilizes arch of the foot
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Posterior Tibialis
- O:Proximal 2/3 of post tibia and fibula
- I: Tarsals except talus and bases of 2-4 metatarsals. Mostly the navicular tuberosity and medial cuneiform.
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates PF and inversion
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerate DF and Eversion.
- Isometrically stabilizes the arch of the foot
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Soleus
- O: Posterior fibular head and proximal 1/3 of its shaft and posterior tibia
- I: calcaneus via the Achilles
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerated PF
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates DF
- Isometrically stabilizes the foot and ankle complex
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Gastrocnemius
- O: Posterior aspect of lateral medial femoral conddyle
- I: Calcaneus via Achilles
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerated PF
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically declerates DF
- Isometrically stabilizes foot and ankle
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Peroneus Longus
- O: Lateral condyle of tibia, head and proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula
- I: Lateral surface of medial cuneiform and lateral side of base of first metatarsal
- Isolated fx: Concentrically PF and everts foot
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerate DF
- Isometrically stabilizes foot and ankle
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Biceps Femoris - Long Head
- O: ITs and part of sacrotuberous ligament
- I: Head of the fibula
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates knee flexion and hip extension. Tibial external rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates knee extension, hip flexion, tibia IR at mid stance
- Isometrically stabilizes lumbo-pelvic-hip complex and knee
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Biceps Femoris - Short head
- O: lower 1/3 of posterior femur
- I: Head of Fibula
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerated knee flexion and tibial ER
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates knee extension and tibial IR.
- Isometrically stabilizes knee
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Semimembranosus
- O: IT's
- I: Posterior aspect of medial tibial condyle
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates knee flexion and hip extension and tibial IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerated hip flexion, knee extension and tibal ER
- Isometrically stabilizes lumbo pelvic hip complex and knee
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Semitendinosus
- O: IT and part of sacrotuberous lig
- I: Proximal aspect of medial tibial condyle (pes anserine)
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates knee flexion, hip ext, and tibial IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates knee extension, hip flexion, and tibial ER
- Isometrically stabilizes knee and lumbo pelvic hip jt.
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Vastus Lateralis
- O: Anterior and inferior border of greater trochanter, lateral gluteal tuberosity, lateral lip of linea aspera of femur
- I: Base of patella and tibial tuberosity
- Isloated fx: Concentrically accelerates knee extension.
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates knee flexion, adduction and IR
- Isometrically stabilizes knee
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Vastus Medius
- O: Lower region of intertrochanteric line, medial linea aspera, proximal medial supracondylar line of femur
- I: Base of patella, tibial tuberosity
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerate knee ex
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerate knee flexion, adduction and IR
- Isometrically stabilizes knee
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Vastus Intermedius
- O: AIIS
- I: Base of patella, tibial tuberosity
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerated hip flexion and knee extension
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip extension and knee flexion, adduction, and IR
- Isometrically stablizies hip and knee
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Rectus Femoris
- O: AIIS
- I: Base of Patella, tibial tuberosity
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerated hip flexion and knee extension
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerated hip extension, knee flexion, adduction, IR
- Isometrically stabilizes hip and knee
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Adductor Longus
- O: Anterior surface of inferior pubic ramus
- I: proxial 1/3 of linea aspera of femur
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip adduction, flexion, and IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip abduction, extension, and ER.
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Adductor Magnus - Anterior fibers
- O: Ischial ramus
- I: Linea aspera of femur
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip adduction,flexion and IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip abduction, ex, ER
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Adductor magnus - Posterior fibers
- O: Ischial tuberosity
- I: Adductor tubercle of femur
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip adduction, extension, and ER
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerate hip abduction, flexion and IR
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Adductor Brevis
- O: anterior surface of inferior pubic ramus
- I: proximal 1/3 of liniea aspera
- Isolated fx: concentrically accelerated hip adduction, flexion, IR
- Integrated fx: eccentrically decelerates hip abd, ex, and ER
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Gracilis
- O: anterior aspect of lower body of pubis
- I: proximal medical surface of tibia (pes anserine)
- Isolated fx: Concentrically hip adduction, flexion, and IR and assists with tibial IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip abduction, extension, and Er
- Isometrically stabilizes hip and knee
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Pectineus
- O: pectineal line of superior ramus
- I: Pectinial line of posterior surface of upper femur
- Isolated fx: Concentrically hip adduction, flexion, and IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerated hip abduction, extension, and er
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Gluteus Medius
- O: Outer surface of Illium of pelvis
- I: Lateral greater trochanter
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip abduction and IR (anterior fibers); concentrically accelerates hip abd and ER (posterior fibers)
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip adduction and ER (anterior fibers);eccentrically decelerates hip add and IR (post fibers)
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Gluteus Minimus
- O: Ilium between anterior and inferior line
- I: Greater trochanter of femur
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip abd and IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip adduction and ER
- Isometrically stabilize hip
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Gluteus Maximus
- O: Outer ilium, posterior sacrum and coccyx
- I: Gluteal tuberosity of femur and ITB
- Isolated fx:Concentrically accelrates hip extension and ER
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerate hip flexion and IR and tibial IR via ITB
- Isometrically stabilize hip
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TFL
- O: Outer surface iliac crest, just posterior to ASIS
- I: Proximal 1/3 ITB
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip flexion, abduction and internal rotation.
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerate hip extension, add, and ER
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Psoas
- O: Transverse processes and lateral body of T12 and lumbar vertebrae
- I: Lesser trochanter
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip flexion and external rotation. Concentrically extends and rotates lumbar
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip extension and IR
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Iliacus
- O: Superior 2/3 of iliac fossa, inner lip of iliac crest
- I: Lesser trochanter
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip flexion and external rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip extension and IR
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Sartorius
- O: ASIS
- I: Proximal medial surface of tibia
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip flexion, abd, and ER, knee flexion and IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip extension and IR and knee knee extension and ER
- Isometrically stabilizes hip and knee
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Piriformis
- O: anterior sacrum
- I: Greater trochanter
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates hip ER, abd, and extension
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates hip IR, flexion, and add
- Isometrically stabilizes hip and SI.
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Rectus abdominis
- O: Pubic symphysis
- I: Ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates spinal extension, lateral flexion and rotation
- Isometrically stabilizes lumbo pelvic hip
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External Oblique
- O: external surface of ribs 4-12
- I: Anterior iliac crest, linea alba, and contralateral rectus sheaths
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates spinal flexion, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates spinal ext, lateral flexion and rotation
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Internal Oblique
- O: Anterior 2/3 of iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
- I: RIbs 9-12, linia alba, and contralateral rectus sheaths
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsilateral rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates spinal extension, rotation and lateral flexion
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Transverse Abdominis
- O: Ribs 7-12, anterior 2/3 of iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
- I: Linea alba and contralateral recuts sheath
- Isolated fx: Increases intra abdominal pressure and supports the ab viscera
- Integrated fx: Isometrically stabilizes the hip
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Superficial Erector Spinae: Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis
- O: Iliac crest, Sacrum, and spinous and transverse processes of T11-L5
- I: Inferior and superior border of ribs, transverse processes, mastoid process, between superior and inferior nuchal lines on occipital bone of skull
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates spinal extension, rotation, and lateral flexion
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates spinal flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion
- Isometrically stabilizes spine during fx mvmt.
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Quadratus Lumborum
- O: Iliac crest
- I: 12 rib, transvers process of L2-5
- Isolated fx: Isometrically accelerates spinal lateral flexion
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates contralateral spinal flexion
- Isometrically stabilizes hip
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Multifidus
- O: Posterior sacrum, Process os of L, T, and C spine
- I: Spinous processes 1-4 segments above origin
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates spinal extension and contralateral rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates spinal flexion and rotation
- Isometrically stabilizes spine
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Latissimus Dorsi
- O: Spinous process T7-12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, ribs 9-12
- I: Inferior angle of scapula, interrubercular groove of humerous
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shoulder extension, adduction, and IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder flexion, ER and abd and decelerates spinal flexion.
- Isometrically stabilizes hip and shoulder
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Serratus Anterior
- O: Ribs 4-12
- I: Medial border of scapula
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates scapular protraction
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates scapular retraction
- Isometrically stabilizes scapula
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Rhomboid Major
- O: Spinous processes of C7-T5
- I: Medical border of scapula
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates scapular retraction and downward rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates scapular protraction and upward rotation
- Isometrically stabilizes scapula
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Rhomboid Minor
- O: Spinous process C7-T1
- I: Medial border of scapula superior to spine
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates scapular retraction and down rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates scapular protraction and upward rotation
- Isometrically stabilizes scapula
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Lower Trap
- O: Spinous processes T6-12
- I: Spine of scapula
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates scapular depression
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates scapular elevation
- Isometrically stabilizes scapula
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Middle Trap
- O: Spionous process T-15
- I: acromion process of scap, superior aspect of spine of scap
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates scapular retraction
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates scapular elevation
- Isometrically stabilizes scapula
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Upper Trap
- O: External occipital protuberance of skull and spinous process of C7
- I: Lateral 1/3 clavicle and acromion process
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates cervical extension, lateral flexion and rotation, and accelerates scapular elevation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates cervical flexion, lateral felxion and rotation and decelerates scapular depression
- Isometrically stabilizes cervical spine and scapula
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Pec Major
- O: Anterior surface of clavicle, anterior sternum and cartilage of ribs 1-7
- I: Greater tubercle of humerus
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shoulder flexion, IR, and horizontal adduction
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder extension, horizontal abd, and ER
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Pec Minor
- O: Ribs 3-5
- I: Coracoid process of scap
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates scapular protraction
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates scapular retration
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Anterior Deltoid
- O: Lateral 1/3 clavicle
- I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerous
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shoulder flexion and IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder extension and ER
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Medial Deltoid
- O: Acromion process
- I: Deltoid tuberosity
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shoulder abd
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder adduction
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Posterior Deltoid
- O: Spine of scapula
- I: Deltoid tuberosity
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shoudler extension and ER
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder flexion and IR
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Teres Major
- O: Inferior angle of scapula
- I: Lesser tubercle of humerus
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shoulder IR, adduction, and extension
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder ER, abd, and flexion
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Teres Minor
- O: Lateral border of scapula
- I: Greater tubercle of humerus
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shouler ER
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder IR
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Infraspinatus
- O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
- I: Middle facet of greater tubercle
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shoulder ER
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder IR
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Subscapularis
- O: Subscapular fossa of scapula
- I: Lesser tubercle of humerus
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates shoulder IR
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates shoulder ER
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Supraspinatus
- O: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
- I: Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerate shoulder abd
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerate shoulder adduction
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder
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Rotator Cuff
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Minor
- Subscapularis
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Biceps Brachii
- O: Short head - coracoid process of scap
- Long head - tubercle above glenoid cavity on humerus
- I: Radial tuberosity of radius
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates elbow flexion, supination, and shoulder flexion
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates elbow extension, pronation, and shoulder ex
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder and elbow
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Triceps Brachii
- O: Long head - infraglenoid tubercle of scap
- Short head - posterior humerus
- Medial head - posterior humerus
- I: Olecranon process of ulna
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates elbow extension and shoulder extension
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates elbow flexion and shoulder flexion
- Isometrically stabilizes shoulder and elbow
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Brachioradialis
- O: Lateral supracondular ridge of humerus
- I: Lateral distal radius, immediately above styloid process
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates elbow flexion
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates elbow extension
- Isometrically stabilizes elbow
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Brachialis
- O: Lower 1/2 of anterior humerus
- I: Tuberosity and coronoid process of ulna
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates elbow flexion
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates elbow extension
- Isometrically stabilizes elbow
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Levator Scapulae
- O: Transverse processes C1-C4
- I: Superior vertebral border of scapulae
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates cervical extension, lateral flexion, and ipsil rotation when scap is anchored. Assists in elevation and downward rotation of scapulae
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates cervical flexion, contralateral rotation and lateral flexion. And scap depression and upward rotation
- Isometrically stabilizes C spine and scap
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Sternocleidomastoid
- O: Manubrium of sternum and medial 1/3 of clavicle
- I: Mastoid process, lateral superior nuchal line of occiptut
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates cervical extension, rotation and lateral flexion
- Isometrically stabilizes C spine and AC joint
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Scalenes
- O: Transverse process of C3-7
- I: First and second rib
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerate cervical flexion, rotation, and lateral flexion. Assist rib elevation in inhalation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates cervical extension, rotation, and lateral flexion
- Isometrically stabilizes C spine
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Longus Coli
- O: Anterior portion of T1-3
- I: Anterior and lateral C1
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates cervical flexion, lateral flexion, and ipsi rotation
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerate cervical extension, lateral flexion and conta rotation
- Isometrically stabilizes c spine
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Longus Capitis
- O:: Transverse process of C3-6
- I: Inferior occipital bone
- Isolated fx: Concentrically accelerates cervical flexion and lateral flexion
- Integrated fx: Eccentrically decelerates cervical extension
- Isometrically stabilizes C spine
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