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Functions of the Vertebral Column
- Protection
- Strong, but flexible support for the trunk
- Posture and support of body weight
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Structure of Vertebral Column
 - Consists of 33 vertebrae:
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral (fused)
- 4 coccygeal (fused)
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4 curvatures of the spine
- Primary Curvatures:
- -Thoracic
- -Sacral
- Secondary Curvatures
- -Cervical
- -Lumbar
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Kyphosis
- Exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic region
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Lordosis
Exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region
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Scoliosis
- Lateral curvature of the lumbar or thoracic region
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- Vertebral body of the typical vertebrae
- Weight bearing portion of the vertebrae
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- Vertebral Arch
- Most posterior
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- Pedicle
- Direct connection between the body and arch
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- Transverse process (fused rib element)
- Comes out laterally
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- Lamina
- Connected to the pedicle
- Come together to make a point
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- Spinous Process
- Where the two meet
- What they check for scoliosus
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- Superior Articular Process
- Articulates with the inferior articular process above it
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- Inferior Articular Process
- Articulates with the superior articular processes below
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- Intervertebral Foramen
- Comes out from lateral aspects
- Spinal nerves go out of this
- Each vertebrae has a half circle which turns into a full circle when connected
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What is the red line and what is it in?
Spinal Cord runs through the vertebral canal
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Where are the functional discs?
- C2-C3 -> L5-S1
- After S1 the vertebrae are fused
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Intervertebral disk
- Shock absorber as we are walking
- Fibrocartilage in between vertebrae
- Slipped disk is when the cartilage comes out
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- Anulus fibrosus
- Outer fibrous portion
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- Nucleus pulposus
- Inside jelly portion
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What are the distinguishing features of the cervical vertebrae?
- Only vertebrae with the transverse foramen
- The spinous process has 2 heads
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- Transverse foramen
- These are holes for arteries that run up to the brain
- Only the cervical vert. will have these
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- Spinous Process
- Only the cervical vertebrae has a bifurcated spinous process (2 heads)
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- Vertebral Artery
- Supplies blood to the brain
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- Superior view of Atlas (CI vertebrae)
- Holds the scull
- Allows the yes nod (flexion, extension)
- Defining characteristic: no vertebral body
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- Facet for occipital condyle
- Where the scull meets the vertebrae
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- Superior, posterior, posterosuperior view of Axis (CII vertebrae)
- Defining characteristic: small body and dens
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- Dens
- How CI and CII articulate with each other
- Allows CI to rotate/pivot
- Believed that this was the body of CI but it separated to allow movement
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- Thoracic Vertebrae
- Bigger than cervical vertebrae and where the ribs insert
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- Superior costal facet (demifacet for articulation with head of its won rib)
- Where the bottom of the rip articulates on the vertebrae body
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- Transverse costal facet (facet for articulation with tubercle of its own rib)
- The one that numbers the rib
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- Inferior costal facet (demifacet for articulation with the head of the rib below)
- Where the top of the rib below articulates
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Where do the ribs articulate?
- Head of the rib articulates with the body of the vertebrae (superior and inferior; the rib shares 2 vertebrae)
- Tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebrae
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Which rib is this?
7th rib
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- Lumbar Vertebrae (superior/right lateral view)
- Biggest vertebrae and the most weight bearing
- Look for size and flat, blunt spinous process
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- Spinous process
- Flat, blunt and stick straight out
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- Anterior view of the sacrum
- Holes are the anterior sacral foramina
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- Side view of the sacral
- Facet for articulation with pelvic bone
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- Coccyx
- Defining characteristic: small and fused together
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Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae
- Small, wide body
- Short, bifid; projects directly posteriorly
- Triangle vertebral foramen
- Contains foramina
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Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae
- Body: larger than cervical; heart shaped; bears two costal facets
- Spinous processes: long, sharp; projects inferiorly
- Vertebral foramen: circular
- Transverse process: bear facets for ribs
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Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae
- Body: massive; kidney shaped
- Spinous process: short, blunt; projects directly posteriorly
- Vertebral foramen: triangular
- Transverse processes: thin and tapered
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- Ribs
- Posterior and wrap around
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- Sternum
- Suns down the midline and has 3 main parts
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- Xiphoid porcess
- Can be fused to the body, separated, or a body can be without
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Articular site for clavical
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- Articular demifacets for rib II
- Half comes from the manubrium and the other half comes from the body
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- Sternal angle (manubriosternal joint)
- Manubrium is angled and this is the spot where it is articulating with the body
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True Ribs
- Pairs 1-7
- Attach directly to the sternum via their own costal cartilage
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False Ribs
- Pairs 8-12
- Pairs 8-10 have their costal cartilage attached to the costal cartilage of the rib just superior to it (8 attached to 7; 9 attached to 8)
- Pairs 11-12 do not have an attachment to the sternum (floating ribs)
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- Head of the rib
- Posterior and articulates with the vertebral body
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- Costal cartilage
- Anterior and articulates with the sternum
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- Tubercle
- Posterior side and articulates with transverse of the vertebrae
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